Compare Tokelau (2005) - Rwanda (2008)

Compare Tokelau (2005) z Rwanda (2008)

	Tokelau (2005)	Rwanda (2008)

Administrative divisions	none (territory of New Zealand)	4 provinces (in French - provinces, singular - province; in Kinyarwanda - intara for singular and plural) and 1 city* (in French - ville; in Kinyarwanda - umujyi); Est (Eastern), Kigali*, Nord (Northern), Ouest (Western), Sud (Southern)
Age structure	0-14 years: 42% 15-64 years: 53% 65 years and over: 5% (2005 est.)	0-14 years: 41.9% (male 2,082,474/female 2,065,251) 15-64 years: 55.7% (male 2,748,189/female 2,765,767) 65 years and over: 2.5% (male 98,796/female 147,032) (2007 est.)
Agriculture - products	coconuts, copra, breadfruit, papayas, bananas; pigs, poultry, goats	coffee, tea, pyrethrum (insecticide made from chrysanthemums), bananas, beans, sorghum, potatoes; livestock
Airports	none; lagoon landings are possible by amphibious aircraft (2004 est.)	9 (2007)
Airports - with paved runways	-	total: 4 over 3,047 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 1 (2007)
Airports - with unpaved runways	-	total: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 3 (2007)
Area	total: 10 sq km land: 10 sq km water: 0 sq km	total: 26,338 sq km land: 24,948 sq km water: 1,390 sq km
Area - comparative	about 17 times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC	slightly smaller than Maryland
Background	Originally settled by Polynesian emigrants from surrounding island groups, the Tokelau Islands were made a British protectorate in 1889. They were transferred to New Zealand administration in 1925.	In 1959, three years before independence from Belgium, the majority ethnic group, the Hutus, overthrew the ruling Tutsi king. Over the next several years, thousands of Tutsis were killed, and some 150,000 driven into exile in neighboring countries. The children of these exiles later formed a rebel group, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), and began a civil war in 1990. The war, along with several political and economic upheavals, exacerbated ethnic tensions, culminating in April 1994 in the genocide of roughly 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus. The Tutsi rebels defeated the Hutu regime and ended the killing in July 1994, but approximately 2 million Hutu refugees - many fearing Tutsi retribution - fled to neighboring Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda, and the former Zaire. Since then, most of the refugees have returned to Rwanda, but several thousand remained in the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo (the former Zaire) and formed an extremist insurgency bent on retaking Rwanda, much as the RPF tried in 1990. Despite substantial international assistance and political reforms - including Rwanda's first local elections in March 1999 and its first post-genocide presidential and legislative elections in August and September 2003 - the country continues to struggle to boost investment and agricultural output, and ethnic reconciliation is complicated by the real and perceived Tutsi political dominance. Kigali's increasing centralization and intolerance of dissent, the nagging Hutu extremist insurgency across the border, and Rwandan involvement in two wars in recent years in the neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo continue to hinder Rwanda's efforts to escape its bloody legacy.
Birth rate	NA	40.16 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Budget	revenues: $430,800 expenditures: $2.8 million, including capital expenditures of $37,300 (1987 est.)	revenues: $702.6 million expenditures: $779.6 million; including capital expenditures of $NA (2007 est.)
Capital	none; each atoll has its own administrative center	name: Kigali geographic coordinates: 1 57 S, 30 04 E time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Climate	tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)	temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible
Coastline	101 km	0 km (landlocked)
Constitution	administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948; amended in 1970	new constitution passed by referendum 26 May 2003
Country name	conventional long form: none conventional short form: Tokelau	conventional long form: Republic of Rwanda conventional short form: Rwanda local long form: Republika y'u Rwanda local short form: Rwanda former: Ruanda, German East Africa
Death rate	NA	14.91 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Debt - external	$0	$1.4 billion (2004 est.)
Dependency status	self-administering territory of New Zealand; note - Tokelauans are drafting a constitution and developing institutions and patterns of self-government as Tokelau moves toward free association with New Zealand	-
Diplomatic representation from the US	none (territory of New Zealand)	chief of mission: Ambassador Michael ARIETTI embassy: 337 Boulevard de la Revolution, Kigali mailing address: B. P. 28, Kigali telephone: [250] 50 56 01 through 03 FAX: [250] 57 2128
Diplomatic representation in the US	none (territory of New Zealand)	chief of mission: Ambassador James KOMONYO chancery: 1714 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: [1] (202) 232-2882 FAX: [1] (202) 232-4544
Disputes - international	none	fighting among ethnic groups - loosely associated political rebels, armed gangs, and various government forces in Great Lakes region transcending the boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda - abated substantially from a decade ago due largely to UN peacekeeping, international mediation, and efforts by local governments to create civil societies; nonetheless, 57,000 Rwandan refugees still reside in 21 African states, including Zambia, Gabon, and 20,000 who fled to Burundi in 2005 and 2006 to escape drought and recriminations from traditional courts investigating the 1994 massacres; the 2005 DROC and Rwanda border verification mechanism to stem rebel actions on both sides of the border remains in place
Economic aid - recipient	from New Zealand about $4 million annually	$576 million (2005)
Economy - overview	Tokelau's small size (three villages), isolation, and lack of resources greatly restrain economic development and confine agriculture to the subsistence level. The people rely heavily on aid from New Zealand - about $4 million annually - to maintain public services, with annual aid being substantially greater than GDP. The principal sources of revenue come from sales of copra, postage stamps, souvenir coins, and handicrafts. Money is also remitted to families from relatives in New Zealand.	Rwanda is a poor rural country with about 90% of the population engaged in (mainly subsistence) agriculture. It is the most densely populated country in Africa and is landlocked with few natural resources and minimal industry. Primary foreign exchange earners are coffee and tea. The 1994 genocide decimated Rwanda's fragile economic base, severely impoverished the population, particularly women, and eroded the country's ability to attract private and external investment. However, Rwanda has made substantial progress in stabilizing and rehabilitating its economy to pre-1994 levels, although poverty levels are higher now. GDP has rebounded and inflation has been curbed. Despite Rwanda's fertile ecosystem, food production often does not keep pace with population growth, requiring food imports. Rwanda continues to receive substantial aid money and obtained IMF-World Bank Heavily Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) initiative debt relief in 2005-06. Rwanda also received Millennium Challenge Account Threshold status in 2006. The government has embraced an expansionary fiscal policy to reduce poverty by improving education, infrastructure, and foreign and domestic investment and pursuing market-oriented reforms, although energy shortages, instability in neighboring states, and lack of adequate transportation linkages to other countries continue to handicap growth.
Electricity - consumption	NA kWh	198.4 million kWh (2005)
Electricity - exports	-	10 million kWh (2005 est.)
Electricity - imports	-	120 million kWh (2005)
Electricity - production	NA kWh	95 million kWh (2005)
Elevation extremes	lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed location 5 m	lowest point: Rusizi River 950 m highest point: Volcan Karisimbi 4,519 m
Environment - current issues	very limited natural resources and overcrowding are contributing to emigration to New Zealand	deforestation results from uncontrolled cutting of trees for fuel; overgrazing; soil exhaustion; soil erosion; widespread poaching
Environment - international agreements	-	party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea
Ethnic groups	Polynesian	Hutu (Bantu) 84%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 15%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%
Exchange rates	New Zealand dollars per US dollar - 1.5087 (2004), 1.7221 (2003), 2.1622 (2002), 2.3788 (2001), 2.2012 (2000)	Rwandan francs per US dollar - 585 (2007), 560 (2006), 610 (2005), 574.62 (2004), 537.66 (2003)
Executive branch	chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General of New Zealand Dame Silvia CARTWRIGHT (since 4 April 2001); New Zealand is represented by Administrator Neil WALTER (since 1 March 2003) head of government: Pio TUIA (since February 2005); note - position rotates annually among the three Faipule (village leaders) cabinet: the Council for the Ongoing Government of Tokelau, consisting of three Faipule (village leaders) and three Pulenuku (village mayors) functions as a cabinet elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; administrator appointed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade in New Zealand; the head of government is chosen from the Council of Faipule and serves a one-year term	chief of state: President Paul KAGAME (since 22 April 2000) head of government: Prime Minister Bernard MAKUZA (since 8 March 2000) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president elections: President elected by popular vote for a seven-year term (eligible for a second term); elections last held 25 August 2003 (next to be held in 2010) election results: Paul KAGAME elected president in first direct popular vote; Paul KAGAME 95.05%, Faustin TWAGIRAMUNGU 3.62%, Jean-Nepomuscene NAYINZIRA 1.33%
Exports	$98,000 f.o.b. (1983)	0 bbl/day (2004)
Exports - commodities	stamps, copra, handicrafts	coffee, tea, hides, tin ore
Exports - partners	New Zealand (2000)	China 10.3%, Germany 9.7%, US 4.3% (2006)
Fiscal year	1 April - 31 March	calendar year
Flag description	the flag of New Zealand is used	three horizontal bands of sky blue (top, double width), yellow, and green, with a golden sun with 24 rays near the fly end of the blue band
GDP - composition by sector	agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA%	agriculture: 38.2% industry: 20.1% services: 41.7% (2007 est.)
GDP - per capita	purchasing power parity - $1,000 (1993 est.)	-
GDP - real growth rate	NA	6% (2007 est.)
Geographic coordinates	9 00 S, 172 00 W	2 00 S, 30 00 E
Geography - note	consists of three atolls, each with a lagoon surrounded by a number of reef-bound islets of varying length and rising to over three meters above sea level	landlocked; most of the country is savanna grassland with the population predominantly rural
Highways	total: NA paved: NA unpaved: NA	-
Household income or consumption by percentage share	lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA	lowest 10%: 2.1% highest 10%: 38.2% (2000)
Imports	$323,000 c.i.f. (1983)	5,165 bbl/day (2004)
Imports - commodities	foodstuffs, building materials, fuel	foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, steel, petroleum products, cement and construction material
Imports - partners	New Zealand (2000)	Kenya 19.6%, Germany 7.9%, Uganda 6.8%, Belgium 5.1% (2006)
Independence	none (territory of New Zealand)	1 July 1962 (from Belgium-administered UN trusteeship)
Industrial production growth rate	NA%	4.8% (2007 est.)
Industries	small-scale enterprises for copra production, woodworking, plaited craft goods; stamps, coins; fishing	cement, agricultural products, small-scale beverages, soap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettes
Infant mortality rate	total: NA male: NA female: NA	total: 85.27 deaths/1,000 live births male: 90.41 deaths/1,000 live births female: 79.99 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)	NA%	8% (2007 est.)
International organization participation	UNESCO (associate), UPU	ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, CEPGL, COMESA, EAC, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIS, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Irrigated land	NA sq km	90 sq km (2003)
Judicial branch	Supreme Court in New Zealand exercises civil and criminal jurisdiction in Tokelau	Supreme Court; High Courts of the Republic; Provincial Courts; District Courts; mediation committees
Labor force	NA	4.6 million (2000)
Labor force - by occupation	-	agriculture: 90% industry and services: 10% (2000)
Land boundaries	0 km	total: 893 km border countries: Burundi 290 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 217 km, Tanzania 217 km, Uganda 169 km
Land use	arable land: 0% (soil is thin and infertile) permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (2001)	arable land: 45.56% permanent crops: 10.25% other: 44.19% (2005)
Languages	Tokelauan (a Polynesian language), English	Kinyarwanda (official) universal Bantu vernacular, French (official), English (official), Kiswahili (Swahili) used in commercial centers
Legal system	New Zealand and local statutes	based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch	unicameral General Fono (21 seats; based upon proportional representation from the three islands elected by popular vote to serve three-year terms; Nukunonu has 6 seats, Fakaofo has 7 seats, Atafu has 8 seats); note - the Tokelau Amendment Act of 1996 confers limited legislative power on the General Fono elections: last held January 2002 (next to be held January 2005)	bicameral Parliament consists of Senate (26 seats; 12 members elected by local councils, 8 appointed by the president, 4 by the Political Organizations Forum, 2 represent institutions of higher learning; to serve eight-year terms) and Chamber of Deputies (80 seats; 53 members elected by popular vote, 24 women elected by local bodies, 3 selected by youth and disability organizations; to serve five-year terms) elections: Senate - members appointed as part of the transitional government (next to be held in 2011); Chamber of Deputies - last held 29 September 2003 (next to be held in 2008) election results: seats by party under the 2003 Constitution - RPF 40, PSD 7, PL 6, additional 27 members indirectly elected
Life expectancy at birth	total population: NA male: -9 years female: -9 years (2005 est.)	total population: 48.99 years male: 47.87 years female: 50.16 years (2007 est.)
Literacy	NA	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 70.4% male: 76.3% female: 64.7% (2003 est.)
Location	Oceania, group of three atolls in the South Pacific Ocean, about one-half of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand	Central Africa, east of Democratic Republic of the Congo
Map references	Oceania	Africa
Maritime claims	territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm	none (landlocked)
Military - note	defense is the responsibility of New Zealand	-
Military branches	-	Rwandan Defense Forces: Army, Air Force
Military expenditures - percent of GDP	-	2.9% (2006 est.)
National holiday	Waitangi Day (Treaty of Waitangi established British sovereignty over New Zealand), 6 February (1840)	Independence Day, 1 July (1962)
Nationality	noun: Tokelauan(s) adjective: Tokelauan	noun: Rwandan(s) adjective: Rwandan
Natural hazards	lies in Pacific typhoon belt	periodic droughts; the volcanic Virunga mountains are in the northwest along the border with Democratic Republic of the Congo
Natural resources	NEGL	gold, cassiterite (tin ore), wolframite (tungsten ore), methane, hydropower, arable land
Net migration rate	NA	2.41 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)
People - note	-	Rwanda is the most densely populated country in Africa
Political parties and leaders	none	Centrist Democratic Party or PDC [Alfred MUKEZAMFURA]; Democratic Popular Union of Rwanda or UDPR [Adrien RANGIRA]; Democratic Republican Movement or MDR [Celestin KABANDA] (officially banned); Islamic Democratic Party or PDI [Andre BUMAYA]; Liberal Party or PL [Protais MITALI]; Party for Democratic Renewal (officially banned); Rwandan Patriotic Front or RPF [Paul KAGAME]; Social Democratic Party or PSD [Vincent BIRUTA]
Political pressure groups and leaders	none	IBUKA - association of genocide survivors
Population	1,405 (July 2005 est.)	9,907,509 note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2007 est.)
Population below poverty line	NA	60% (2001 est.)
Population growth rate	-0.01% (2005 est.)	2.766% (2007 est.)
Ports and harbors	none; offshore anchorage only	-
Radio broadcast stations	AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA note: 1 radio station provides service to all islands (2002)	AM 0, FM 8 (two main FM programs are broadcast through a system of repeaters, three international FM programs include the BBC, VOA, and Deutchewelle), shortwave 1 (2005)
Religions	Congregational Christian Church 70%, Roman Catholic 28%, other 2% note: on Atafu, all Congregational Christian Church of Samoa; on Nukunonu, all Roman Catholic; on Fakaofo, both denominations, with the Congregational Christian Church predominant	Roman Catholic 56.5%, Protestant 26%, Adventist 11.1%, Muslim 4.6%, indigenous beliefs 0.1%, none 1.7% (2001)
Sex ratio	NA	at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.008 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.994 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.672 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
Suffrage	21 years of age; universal	18 years of age; universal
Telephone system	general assessment: modern satellite-based communications system; domestic: radiotelephone service between islands international: country code - 690; radiotelephone service to Samoa; government-regulated telephone service (TeleTok), with 3 satellite earth stations, established in 1997	general assessment: small, inadequate telephone system primarily serves business and government domestic: the capital, Kigali, is connected to the centers of the provinces by microwave radio relay and, recently, by cellular telephone service; much of the network depends on wire and HF radiotelephone; combined fixed-line and mobile-cellular telephone density is only about 4 telephones per 100 persons international: country code - 250; international connections employ microwave radio relay to neighboring countries and satellite communications to more distant countries; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) in Kigali (includes telex and telefax service)
Telephones - main lines in use	300 (2002)	22,000 (2005)
Telephones - mobile cellular	0 (2001)	290,000 (2005)
Television broadcast stations	-	2 (2004)
Terrain	low-lying coral atolls enclosing large lagoons	mostly grassy uplands and hills; relief is mountainous with altitude declining from west to east
Total fertility rate	NA	5.37 children born/woman (2007 est.)
Unemployment rate	NA%	NA%
Waterways	-	Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and native craft (2006)

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