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Compare Singapore (2001) - Malaysia (2001)

Compare Singapore (2001) z Malaysia (2001)

 Singapore (2001)Malaysia (2001)
 SingaporeMalaysia
Administrative divisions none 13 states (negeri-negeri, singular - negeri) and 2 federal territories* (wilayah-wilayah persekutuan, singular - wilayah persekutuan); Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Labuan*, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Perlis, Pulau Pinang, Sabah, Sarawak, Selangor, Terengganu, Wilayah Persekutuan*

note:
the city of Kuala Lumpur is located within the federal territory of Wilayah Persekutuan; the terms therefore are not interchangeable; there may be a new federal territory named Putrajaya
Age structure 0-14 years:
17.89% (male 397,124; female 372,058)

15-64 years:
75.16% (male 1,575,381; female 1,656,838)

65 years and over:
6.95% (male 130,815; female 168,203) (2001 est.)
0-14 years:
34.5% (male 3,943,324; female 3,724,634)

15-64 years:
61.35% (male 6,828,670; female 6,808,623)

65 years and over:
4.15% (male 404,042; female 519,747) (2001 est.)
Agriculture - products rubber, copra, fruit, orchids, vegetables; poultry, eggs, fish, ornamental fish Peninsular Malaysia - rubber, palm oil, cocoa, rice; Sabah - subsistence crops, rubber, timber, coconuts, rice; Sarawak - rubber, pepper; timber
Airports 9 (2000 est.) 115 (2000 est.)
Airports - with paved runways total:
9

over 3,047 m:
2

2,438 to 3,047 m:
1

1,524 to 2,437 m:
4

914 to 1,523 m:
1

under 914 m:
1 (2000 est.)
total:
33

over 3,047 m:
5

2,438 to 3,047 m:
4

1,524 to 2,437 m:
11

914 to 1,523 m:
6

under 914 m:
7 (2000 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways - total:
82

1,524 to 2,437 m:
1

914 to 1,523 m:
8

under 914 m:
73 (2000 est.)
Area total:
647.5 sq km

land:
637.5 sq km

water:
10 sq km
total:
329,750 sq km

land:
328,550 sq km

water:
1,200 sq km
Area - comparative slightly more than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC slightly larger than New Mexico
Background Founded as a British trading colony in 1819, Singapore joined Malaysia in 1963, but withdrew two years later and became independent. It subsequently became one of the world's most prosperous countries, with strong international trading links (its port is one of the world's busiest) and with per capita GDP above that of the leading nations of Western Europe. Malaysia was created in 1963 through the merging of Malaya (independent in 1957) and the former British Singapore, both of which formed West Malaysia, and Sabah and Sarawak in north Borneo, which composed East Malaysia. The first three years of independence were marred by hostilities with Indonesia. Singapore separated from the union in 1965.
Birth rate 12.8 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) 24.75 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Budget revenues:
$18.1 billion

expenditures:
$17.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $9.5 billion (FY99/00 est.)
revenues:
$16.4 billion

expenditures:
$17.8 billion, including capital expenditures of $43 billion (2000 est.)
Capital Singapore Kuala Lumpur
Climate tropical; hot, humid, rainy; two distinct monsoon seasons - Northeastern monsoon from December to March and Southwestern monsoon from June to September; inter-monsoon - frequent afternoon and early evening thunderstorms tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons
Coastline 193 km 4,675 km (Peninsular Malaysia 2,068 km, East Malaysia 2,607 km)
Constitution 3 June 1959, amended 1965 (based on preindependence State of Singapore Constitution) 31 August 1957, amended 16 September 1963
Country name conventional long form:
Republic of Singapore

conventional short form:
Singapore
conventional long form:
none

conventional short form:
Malaysia

former:
Federation of Malaysia
Currency Singapore dollar (SGD) ringgit (MYR)
Death rate 4.24 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) 5.2 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Debt - external $9.7 billion (2000) $41.8 billion (2000 est.)
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission:
Ambassador (vacant)

embassy:
27 Napier Road, Singapore 258508

mailing address:
PSC Box 470, FPO AP 96534-0001

telephone:
[65] 476-9100

FAX:
[65] 476-9340
chief of mission:
Ambassador B. Lynn PASCOE

embassy:
376 Jalan Tun Razak, 50400 Kuala Lumpur

mailing address:
P. O. Box No. 10035, 50700 Kuala Lumpur; American Embassy Kuala Lumpur, APO AP 96535-8152

telephone:
[60] (3) 2168-5000

FAX:
[60] (3) 2168-4961
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission:
Ambassador CHAN Heng Chee

chancery:
3501 International Place NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:
[1] (202) 537-3100

FAX:
[1] (202) 537-0876

consulate(s) general:
Los Angeles, San Francisco

consulate(s):
New York
chief of mission:
Ambassador GHAZZALI Sheikh Abdul Khalid

chancery:
2401 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:
[1] (202) 328-2700

FAX:
[1] (202) 483-7661

consulate(s) general:
Los Angeles and New York
Disputes - international Pedra Branca Island (Pulau Batu Putih) disputed with Malaysia involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; Philippines have not fully revoked claim to Sabah State; Pulau Batu Putih (Pedra Branca Island) disputed with Singapore; Sipadan and Ligitan Islands in dispute with Indonesia
Economic aid - recipient $NA -
Economy - overview Singapore is blessed with a highly developed and successful free-market economy, a remarkably open and corruption-free business environment, stable prices, and the fifth highest per capita GDP in the world. Exports, particularly in electronics and chemicals, and services are the main drivers of the economy. Mainly because of robust exports, especially electronic goods, the economy grew 10.1% in 2000. Forecasters, however, are projecting only 4%-6% growth in 2001 largely because of weaker global demand, especially in the US. The government promotes high levels of savings and investment through a mandatory savings scheme and spends heavily in education and technology. It also owns government-linked companies (GLCs) - particularly in manufacturing - that operate as commercial entities. As Singapore looks to a future increasingly marked by globalization, the country is positioning itself as the region's financial and high-tech hub. GDP grew at 8.6% in 2000, mainly on the strength of double-digit export growth and continued government fiscal stimulus. As an oil exporter, Malaysia also benefited from higher petroleum prices. Higher export revenues allowed the country to register a current account surplus, but foreign exchange reserves have been declining - from a peak of $34.5 billion in April 2000 to $29.7 billion by December - as foreign investors pulled money out of the country. Despite this development, Kuala Lumpur is unlikely to abandon its currency peg soon. An economic slowdown in key Western markets, especially the United States, and lower world demand for electronics products will slow GDP growth to 3%-6% in 2001, according to private forecasters. Over the longer term, Malaysia's failure to make substantial progress on key reforms of the corporate and financial sectors clouds prospects for sustained growth and the return of critical foreign investment.
Electricity - consumption 25.464 billion kWh (1999) 54.872 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - exports 0 kWh (1999) 50 million kWh (1999)
Electricity - imports 0 kWh (1999) 11 million kWh (1999)
Electricity - production 27.381 billion kWh (1999) 59.044 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - production by source fossil fuel:
100%

hydro:
0%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)
fossil fuel:
91.61%

hydro:
8.39%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)
Elevation extremes lowest point:
Singapore Strait 0 m

highest point:
Bukit Timah 166 m
lowest point:
Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point:
Gunung Kinabalu 4,100 m
Environment - current issues industrial pollution; limited natural fresh water resources; limited land availability presents waste disposal problems; seasonal smoke/haze resulting from forest fires in Indonesia air pollution from industrial and vehicular emissions; water pollution from raw sewage; deforestation; smoke/haze from Indonesian forest fires
Environment - international agreements party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution

signed, but not ratified:
none of the selected agreements
party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Ethnic groups Chinese 76.7%, Malay 14%, Indian 7.9%, other 1.4% Malay and other indigenous 58%, Chinese 27%, Indian 8%, others 7% (2000)
Exchange rates Singapore dollars per US dollar - 1.7365 (January 2001), 1.7240 (2000), 1.6950 (1999), 1.6736 (1998), 1.4848 (1997), 1.4100 (1996) ringgits per US dollar - 3.8000 (January 2001), 3.8000 (2000), 3.8000 (1999), 3.9244 (1998), 2.8133 (1997), 2.5159 (1996)
Executive branch chief of state:
President Sellapan Rama (S. R.) NATHAN (since 1 September 1999)

head of government:
Prime Minister GOH Chok Tong (since 28 November 1990) and Deputy Prime Ministers LEE Hsien Loong (since 28 November 1990) and Tony TAN Keng Yam (since 1 August 1995)

cabinet:
Cabinet appointed by the president, responsible to Parliament

elections:
president elected by popular vote for a six-year term; election last held 28 August 1999 (next to be held NA August 2005); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the president; deputy prime ministers appointed by the president

election results:
Sellapan Rama (S. R.) NATHAN elected president unopposed
chief of state:
Paramount Ruler Sultan TUNKU SALAHUDDIN Abdul Aziz Shah ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Hisammuddin Alam Shah (since 26 April 1999); Deputy Paramount Ruler Sultan MIZAN Zainal Abidin ibni A-Marhum Sultan Mahmud Al-Muktafi Billah Shah

head of government:
Prime Minister Dr. MAHATHIR bin Mohamad (since 16 July 1981); Deputy Prime Minister ABDULLAH bin Ahmad Badawi (since 8 January 1999)

cabinet:
Cabinet appointed by the prime minister from among the members of Parliament with consent of the paramount ruler

elections:
paramount ruler and deputy paramount ruler elected by and from the hereditary rulers of nine of the states for five-year terms; election last held 27 February 1999 (next to be held NA 2004); prime minister designated from among the members of the House of Representatives; following legislative elections, the leader of the party that wins a plurality of seats in the House of Representatives becomes prime minister

election results:
Sultan TUNKU SALAHUDDIN Abdul Aziz Shah ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Hisammuddin Alam Shah elected paramount ruler; Sultan MIZAN Zainal Abidin ibni A-Marhum Sultan Mahmud Al-Muktafi Billah Shah elected deputy paramount ruler
Exports $137 billion (f.o.b., 2000) $97.9 billion (2000 est.)
Exports - commodities machinery and equipment (including electronics), chemicals, mineral fuels electronic equipment, petroleum and liquefied natural gas, chemicals, palm oil, wood and wood products, rubber, textiles
Exports - partners US 19%, Malaysia 17%, Hong Kong 8%, Japan 7%, Taiwan 5%, Thailand 4%, UK 4%, Netherlands 3.8%, China 3%, South Korea 3%, Germany 3% (1999) US 21%, Singapore 18%, Japan 13%, Hong Kong 5%, Netherlands 4%, Taiwan 4%, Thailand 3% (2000 est.)
Fiscal year 1 April - 31 March calendar year
Flag description two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; near the hoist side of the red band, there is a vertical, white crescent (closed portion is toward the hoist side) partially enclosing five white five-pointed stars arranged in a circle 14 equal horizontal stripes of red (top) alternating with white (bottom); there is a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a yellow crescent and a yellow fourteen-pointed star; the crescent and the star are traditional symbols of Islam; the design was based on the flag of the US
GDP purchasing power parity - $109.8 billion (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $223.7 billion (2000 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture:
NEGL%

industry:
30%

services:
70%
agriculture:
14%

industry:
44%

services:
42% (2000)
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $26,500 (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $10,300 (2000 est.)
GDP - real growth rate 10.1% (2000 est.) 8.6% (2000 est.)
Geographic coordinates 1 22 N, 103 48 E 2 30 N, 112 30 E
Geography - note focal point for Southeast Asian sea routes strategic location along Strait of Malacca and southern South China Sea
Heliports 1 (2000 est.) 1 (2000 est.)
Highways total:
3,150 km

paved:
3,066 km (including 150 km of expressways)

unpaved:
84 km (2000)
total:
64,672 km

paved:
48,707 km (including 1,192 km of expressways)

unpaved:
15,965 km

note:
in addition to these national and main regional roads, Malaysia has thousands of kilometers of local roads that are maintained by local jurisdictions (1999)
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%:
NA%

highest 10%:
NA%
lowest 10%:
1.4%

highest 10%:
20.4% (1997 est.)
Illicit drugs as a transportation and financial services hub, Singapore is vulnerable, despite strict laws and enforcement, to use as a transit point for Golden Triangle heroin and as a venue for money laundering transit point for some illicit drugs; drug trafficking prosecuted vigorously and carries severe penalties
Imports $127 billion (f.o.b., 2000) $82.6 billion (2000 est.)
Imports - commodities machinery and equipment, mineral fuels, chemicals, foodstuffs machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food, fuel and lubricants
Imports - partners US 17%, Japan 17%, Malaysia 16%, Thailand 5%, China 5%, Taiwan 4%, Germany 3%, Saudi Arabia 3% (1999) Japan 21%, US 17%, Singapore 14%, Taiwan 6%, South Korea 5%, Thailand 4%, China 4% (2000 est.)
Independence 9 August 1965 (from Malaysia) 31 August 1957 (from UK)
Industrial production growth rate 14% (2000 est.) 12.1% (2000 est.)
Industries electronics, chemicals, financial services, oil drilling equipment, petroleum refining, rubber processing and rubber products, processed food and beverages, ship repair, entrepot trade, biotechnology Peninsular Malaysia - rubber and oil palm processing and manufacturing, light manufacturing industry, electronics, tin mining and smelting, logging and processing timber; Sabah - logging, petroleum production; Sarawak - agriculture processing, petroleum production and refining, logging
Infant mortality rate 3.62 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) 20.31 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 1.4% (2000) 1.7% (2000)
International organization participation APEC, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, Australia Group (observer), BIS, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OPCW, PCA, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNIKOM, UNMEE, UNTAET, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO APEC, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, BIS, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMEE, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNTAET, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 9 (2000) 7 (2000)
Irrigated land NA sq km 2,941 sq km (1998 est.)
Judicial branch Supreme Court (chief justice is appointed by the president with the advice of the prime minister, other judges are appointed by the president with the advice of the chief justice); Court of Appeals Federal Court (judges appointed by the paramount ruler on the advice of the prime minister)
Labor force 2.1 million (2000) 9.6 million (2000 est.)
Labor force - by occupation financial, business, and other services 35%, manufacturing 21%, construction 13%, transportation and communication 9% local trade and tourism 28%, manufacturing 27%, agriculture, forestry, and fisheries 16%, services 10%, government 10%, construction 9% (2000 est.)
Land boundaries 0 km total:
2,669 km

border countries:
Brunei 381 km, Indonesia 1,782 km, Thailand 506 km
Land use arable land:
2%

permanent crops:
6%

permanent pastures:
0%

forests and woodland:
5%

other:
87% (1993 est.)
arable land:
3%

permanent crops:
12%

permanent pastures:
0%

forests and woodland:
68%

other:
17% (1993 est.)
Languages Chinese (official), Malay (official and national), Tamil (official), English (official) Bahasa Melayu (official), English, Chinese dialects (Cantonese, Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka, Hainan, Foochow), Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Panjabi, Thai; note - in addition, in East Malaysia several indigenous languages are spoken, the largest of which are Iban and Kadazan
Legal system based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court at request of supreme head of the federation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch unicameral Parliament (83 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections:
last held 2 January 1997 (next to be held by 26 August 2002)

election results:
percent of vote by party - PAP 65% (in contested constituencies), other 35%; seats by party - PAP 81, WP 1, SPP 1; note - subsequent to the election, there was a change in the distribution of seats, the new distribution is as follows: PAP 80, WP 1, SPP 1, vacant 1
bicameral Parliament or Parlimen consists of nonelected Senate or Dewan Negara (69 seats; 43 appointed by the paramount ruler, 26 appointed by the state legislatures) and the House of Representatives or Dewan Rakyat (193 seats; members elected by popular vote weighted toward the rural Malay population to serve five-year terms)

elections:
House of Representatives - last held 29 November 1999 (next must be held by 20 December 2004)

election results:
House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NF 56%, other 44%; seats by party - NF 148, PAS 27, DAP 10, NJP 5, PBS 3
Life expectancy at birth total population:
80.17 years

male:
77.22 years

female:
83.35 years (2001 est.)
total population:
71.11 years

male:
68.48 years

female:
73.92 years (2001 est.)
Literacy definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
93.5%

male:
97%

female:
89.8% (1999)
definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
83.5%

male:
89.1%

female:
78.1% (1995 est.)
Location Southeastern Asia, islands between Malaysia and Indonesia Southeastern Asia, peninsula and northern one-third of the island of Borneo, bordering Indonesia and the South China Sea, south of Vietnam
Map references Southeast Asia Southeast Asia
Maritime claims exclusive fishing zone:
within and beyond territorial sea, as defined in treaties and practice

territorial sea:
3 NM
continental shelf:
200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation; specified boundary in the South China Sea

exclusive economic zone:
200 NM

territorial sea:
12 NM
Merchant marine total:
879 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,849,168 GRT/33,215,317 DWT

ships by type:
bulk 134, cargo 111, chemical tanker 63, combination bulk 10, combination ore/oil 6, container 167, liquefied gas 28, livestock carrier 2, multi-functional large-load carrier 4, passenger 1, petroleum tanker 295, refrigerated cargo 7, roll on/roll off 7, short-sea passenger 1, specialized tanker 10, vehicle carrier 33

note:
includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Australia 1, Bermuda 12, Belgium 6, China 9, Denmark 29, Germany 8, Greece 1, Hong Kong 20, Indonesia 9, Japan 32, South Korea 3, Netherlands 2, Norway 9, Russia 1, Sweden 22, Thailand 22, Taiwan 17, UK 3, US 10 (2000 est.)
total:
362 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,103,657 GRT/7,574,999 DWT

ships by type:
bulk 62, cargo 110, chemical tanker 35, container 60, liquefied gas 20, livestock carrier 1, passenger 2, petroleum tanker 58, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 6, specialized tanker 1, vehicle carrier 6 (2000 est.)
Military branches Army, Navy, Air Force, People's Defense Force, Police Force Malaysian Army, Royal Malaysian Navy, Royal Malaysian Air Force, Royal Malaysian Police Force, Marine Police, Sarawak Border Scouts
Military expenditures - dollar figure $5 billion (FY00/01 est.) $1.69 billion (FY00 est.)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 4.5% (FY00/01 est.) 2.03% (FY00)
Military manpower - availability males age 15-49:
1,316,815 (2001 est.)
males age 15-49:
5,800,456 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service males age 15-49:
959,636 (2001 est.)
males age 15-49:
3,514,023 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - military age - 21 years of age
Military manpower - reaching military age annually - males:
196,042 (2001 est.)
National holiday Independence Day, 9 August (1965) Independence Day/Malaysia Day, 31 August (1957)
Nationality noun:
Singaporean(s)

adjective:
Singapore
noun:
Malaysian(s)

adjective:
Malaysian
Natural hazards NA flooding, landslides
Natural resources fish, deepwater ports tin, petroleum, timber, copper, iron ore, natural gas, bauxite
Net migration rate 26.45 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)

note:
does not reflect net flow of an unknown number of illegal immigrants from other countries in the region
Pipelines - crude oil 1,307 km; natural gas 379 km
Political parties and leaders People's Action Party or PAP [GOH Chok Tong, secretary general] - the governing party; Singapore Democratic Party or SDP [CHEE Soon Juan]; Singapore People's Party or SPP [CHIAM See Tong]; Workers' Party or WP [J. B. JEYARETNAM] Alternative Coalition or Barisan Alternatif-BA (includes the following parties: Party Islam Se-Malaysia or PAS [FADZIL Mohamad Noor], National Justice Party or NJP [WAN AZIZAH Wan Ismail], Democratic Action Party or DAP [LIM Kit Siang], and Malaysian People's Party or PRM [SYED HUSIN]); National Front or NF (ruling coalition dominated by the United Malays National Organization or UMNO [MAHATHIR bin Mohammad], includes the following parties: Malaysian Indian Congress or MIC [S. Samy VELLU], Malaysian Chinese Association or MCA [LING Liong Sik], Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia or Gerakan [LIM Keng Yaik], Parti Pesaka Bumiputra Bersatu or PBB [Patinggi Haji Abdul TAIB Mahmud], Parti Angkatan Keadilan Rakyat Bersatu or Akar [PANDIKAR Amin Mulia], Parti Bangsa Dayak Sarawak or PBDS [Leo MOGGIE], Sarawak United People's Party or SUPP [George CHAN Hong Nam], Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [CHONG Kah Kiat], Sabah Progressive Party or SAPP [YONG Teck Lee], People's Progressive Party or PPP [M. KAYVEAS], Parti Bersatu Rakyat Sabah or PBRS [Joseph KURUP], Sarawak National Party or SNAP [Amar James WONG], Parti Demokratik Sabah or PDS [leader NA], and United Pasok Momogun Kadazan Organization or UPKO (state level only) [Bernard DOMPOK]); Parti Bersatu Sabah or PBS [Joseph PAIRIN Kitingan]; Parti Bersekutu [HARRIS Salleh]; State Reform Party of Sarawak or STAR [PATAU Rubis]
Political pressure groups and leaders NA NA
Population 4,300,419 (July 2001 est.) 22,229,040 (July 2001 est.)
Population below poverty line NA% 6.8% (1997 est.)
Population growth rate 3.5% (2001 est.) 1.96% (2001 est.)
Ports and harbors Singapore Bintulu, Kota Kinabalu, Kuantan, Kuching, Kudat, Labuan, Lahad Datu, Lumut, Miri, Pasir Gudang, Penang, Port Dickson, Port Kelang, Sandakan, Sibu, Tanjung Berhala, Tanjung Kidurong, Tawau
Radio broadcast stations AM 0, FM 16, shortwave 2 (1998) AM 56, FM 31 (plus 13 repeater stations), shortwave 5 (1999)
Radios 2.6 million (2000) 10.9 million (1999)
Railways total:
38.6 km

narrow gauge:
38.6 km 1.000-m gauge

note:
there is a 83 km mass transit system with 48 stations
total:
1,801 km

narrow gauge:
1,801 km 1.000-m gauge (148 km electrified) (2000)
Religions Buddhist (Chinese), Muslim (Malays), Christian, Hindu, Sikh, Taoist, Confucianist Islam, Buddhism, Daoism, Hinduism, Christianity, Sikhism; note - in addition, Shamanism is practiced in East Malaysia
Sex ratio at birth:
1.08 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.07 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
0.95 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.78 male(s)/female

total population:
0.96 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
at birth:
1.07 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
1 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.78 male(s)/female

total population:
1.01 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
Suffrage 21 years of age; universal and compulsory 21 years of age; universal
Telephone system general assessment:
major consideration given to serving business interests; excellent international service

domestic:
excellent domestic facilities

international:
submarine cables to Malaysia (Sabah and Peninsular Malaysia), Indonesia, and the Philippines; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean), and 1 Inmarsat (Pacific Ocean region)
general assessment:
modern system; international service excellent

domestic:
good intercity service provided on Peninsular Malaysia mainly by microwave radio relay; adequate intercity microwave radio relay network between Sabah and Sarawak via Brunei; domestic satellite system with 2 earth stations

international:
submarine cables to India, Hong Kong, and Singapore; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) (2001)
Telephones - main lines in use 1.928 million (November 2000) 4.5 million (1999)
Telephones - mobile cellular 2.333 million (November 2000) 2.698 million (1999)
Television broadcast stations 6 (2000) 27 (plus 15 high-power repeaters) (1999)
Terrain lowland; gently undulating central plateau contains water catchment area and nature preserve coastal plains rising to hills and mountains
Total fertility rate 1.22 children born/woman (2001 est.) 3.24 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Unemployment rate 3% (2000 est.) 2.8% (2000 est.)
Waterways none 7,296 km

note:
Peninsular Malaysia 3,209 km, Sabah 1,569 km, Sarawak 2,518 km
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