Compare Senegal (2002) - Vietnam (2002)

Compare Senegal (2002) z Vietnam (2002)

	Senegal (2002)	Vietnam (2002)

Administrative divisions	10 regions (regions, singular - region); Dakar, Diourbel, Fatick, Kaolack, Kolda, Louga, Saint-Louis, Tambacounda, Thies, Ziguinchor note: there may be another region called Matam	58 provinces (tinh, singular and plural), and 3 municipalities* (thu do, singular and plural); An Giang, Bac Giang, Bac Kan, Bac Lieu, Bac Ninh, Ba Ria-Vung Tau, Ben Tre, Binh Dinh, Binh Duong, Binh Phuoc, Binh Thuan, Ca Mau, Can Tho, Cao Bang, Dac Lak, Da Nang, Dong Nai, Dong Thap, Gia Lai, Ha Giang, Hai Duong, Hai Phong, Ha Nam, Ha Noi, Ha Tay, Ha Tinh, Hoa Binh, Ho Chi Minh*, Hung Yen, Khanh Hoa, Kien Giang, Kon Tum, Lai Chau, Lam Dong, Lang Son, Lao Cai, Long An, Nam Dinh, Nghe An, Ninh Binh, Ninh Thuan, Phu Tho, Phu Yen, Quang Binh, Quang Nam, Quang Ngai, Quang Ninh, Quang Tri, Soc Trang, Son La, Tay Ninh, Thai Binh, Thai Nguyen, Thanh Hoa, Thua Thien-Hue, Tien Giang, Tra Vinh, Tuyen Quang, Vinh Long, Vinh Phuc, Yen Bai
Age structure	0-14 years: 43.5% (male 2,321,789; female 2,290,105) 15-64 years: 53.4% (male 2,710,178; female 2,943,554) 65 years and over: 3.1% (male 159,445; female 164,500) (2002 est.)	0-14 years: 31.6% (male 13,259,152; female 12,392,089) 15-64 years: 62.9% (male 24,938,098; female 26,083,681) 65 years and over: 5.5% (male 1,749,531; female 2,675,865) (2002 est.)
Agriculture - products	peanuts, millet, corn, sorghum, rice, cotton, tomatoes, green vegetables; cattle, poultry, pigs; fish	paddy rice, corn, potatoes, rubber, soybeans, coffee, tea, bananas, sugar; poultry, pigs; fish
Airports	20 (2001)	34 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways	total: 9 over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2002)	total: 17 over 3,047 m: 8 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 under 914 m: 2 (2002)
Airports - with unpaved runways	total: 11 1,524 to 2,437 m: 6 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 1 (2002)	total: 17 over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 7 under 914 m: 8 (2002)
Area	total: 196,190 sq km land: 192,000 sq km water: 4,190 sq km	total: 329,560 sq km land: 325,360 sq km water: 4,200 sq km
Area - comparative	slightly smaller than South Dakota	slightly larger than New Mexico
Background	Independent from France in 1960, Senegal joined with The Gambia to form the nominal confederation of Senegambia in 1982. However, the envisaged integration of the two countries was never carried out, and the union was dissolved in 1989. Despite peace talks, a southern separatist group sporadically has clashed with government forces since 1982. Senegal has a long history of participating in international peacekeeping.	France occupied all of Vietnam by 1884. Independence was declared after World War II, but the French continued to rule until 1954 when they were defeated by Communist forces under Ho Chi MINH, who took control of the north. US economic and military aid to South Vietnam grew through the 1960s in an attempt to bolster the government, but US armed forces were withdrawn following a cease-fire agreement in 1973. Two years later North Vietnamese forces overran the south. Economic reconstruction of the reunited country has proven difficult as aging Communist Party leaders have only grudgingly initiated reforms necessary for a free market.
Birth rate	36.99 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)	20.89 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Budget	revenues: $1.373 billion expenditures: $1.373 billion, including capital expenditures of $357 million (2002 est.)	revenues: $5.3 billion expenditures: $5.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $1.8 billion (1999 est.)
Capital	Dakar	Hanoi
Climate	tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has strong southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind	tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (mid-May to mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-October to mid-March)
Coastline	531 km	3,444 km (excludes islands)
Constitution	a new constitution was adopted 7 January 2001	15 April 1992
Country name	conventional long form: Republic of Senegal conventional short form: Senegal local long form: Republique du Senegal local short form: Senegal	conventional long form: Socialist Republic of Vietnam conventional short form: Vietnam local long form: Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Nghia Viet Nam local short form: Viet Nam abbreviation: SRV
Currency	Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States	dong (VND)
Death rate	8.14 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)	6.14 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Debt - external	$3.1 billion (2002 est.)	$13.2 billion (2000)
Diplomatic representation from the US	chief of mission: Ambassador Harriet L. ELAM-THOMAS embassy: Avenue Jean XXIII at the corner of Rue Kleber, Dakar mailing address: B. P. 49, Dakar telephone: [221] 823-4296 FAX: [221] 822-2991	chief of mission: Ambassador Raymond F. BURGHARDT embassy: 7 Lang Ha Road, Ba Dinh District, Hanoi mailing address: PSC 461, Box 400, FPO AP 96521-0002 telephone: [84] (4) 772-1500 FAX: [84] (4) 772-1510 consulate(s) general: Ho Chi Minh City
Diplomatic representation in the US	chief of mission: Ambassador Amadou L. BA chancery: 2112 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 234-0540 FAX: [1] (202) 332-6315 consulate(s) general: New York	chief of mission: Ambassador Nguyen Tam CHIEN chancery: 1233 20th Street NW, Suite 400, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 861-0737 FAX: [1] (202) 861-0917 consulate(s) general: San Francisco
Disputes - international	Senegalese separatists disrupt legal border trade with smuggling, cattle rustling, and other illegal activities in Guinea-Bissau	Vietnam disputes several offshore islands with Cambodia, preventing delimitation of a maritime boundary; Cambodia accuses Vietnam of territorial encroachments and initiating armed border incidents in seven provinces; demarcation of boundaries with Laos is nearing completion, but Laos protests Vietnamese squatters; involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with China, Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, and possibly Brunei; maritime boundary with China in the Gulf of Tonkin still awaits ratification; Paracel Islands occupied by China but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam; demarcation of the land boundary with China has commenced, but details of the alignment have not been made public
Economic aid - recipient	$362.6 million (2002 est.)	$2.1 billion in credits and grants pledged by international donors for 2000
Economy - overview	In January 1994, Senegal undertook a bold and ambitious economic reform program with the support of the international donor community. This reform began with a 50% devaluation of Senegal's currency, the CFA franc, which is linked at a fixed rate to the French franc. Government price controls and subsidies have been steadily dismantled. After seeing its economy contract by 2.1% in 1993, Senegal made an important turnaround, thanks to the reform program, with real growth in GDP averaging 5% annually during 1995-2001. Annual inflation had been pushed down to less than 1%, but rose to an estimated 3.3% in 2001. Investment rose steadily from 13.8% of GDP in 1993 to 16.5% in 1997. As a member of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU), Senegal is working toward greater regional integration with a unified external tariff. Senegal also realized full Internet connectivity in 1996, creating a miniboom in information technology-based services. Private activity now accounts for 82% of GDP. On the negative side, Senegal faces deep-seated urban problems of chronic unemployment, trade union militancy, juvenile delinquency, and drug addiction.	Vietnam is a poor, densely populated country that has had to recover from the ravages of war, the loss of financial support from the old Soviet Bloc, and the rigidities of a centrally planned economy. Substantial progress was achieved from 1986 to 1996 in moving forward from an extremely low starting point - growth averaged around 9% per year from 1993 to 1997. The 1997 Asian financial crisis highlighted the problems in the Vietnamese economy but, rather than prompting reform, reaffirmed the government's belief that shifting to a market oriented economy leads to disaster. GDP growth of 8.5% in 1997 fell to 6% in 1998 and 5% in 1999. Growth then rose to 6.8% in 2000 and dropped back to 4.7% in 2001 against the background of global recession. These numbers mask some major difficulties in economic performance. Many domestic industries, including coal, cement, steel, and paper, have reported large stockpiles of inventory and tough competition from more efficient foreign producers. Meanwhile, Vietnamese authorities have moved slowly in implementing the structural reforms needed to revitalize the economy and produce more competitive, export-driven industries. The US-Vietnam Bilateral Trade Agreement entered into force near the end of 2001 and is expected to significantly increase Vietnam's exports to the US. The US is assisting Vietnam with implementing the legal and structural reforms called for in the agreement.
Electricity - consumption	1.228 billion kWh (2000)	23.97 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - exports	0 kWh (2000)	0 kWh (2000)
Electricity - imports	0 kWh (2000)	0 kWh (2000)
Electricity - production	1.32 billion kWh (2000)	25.775 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - production by source	fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2000)	fossil fuel: 41% hydro: 59% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2000)
Elevation extremes	lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed feature near Nepen Diakha 581 m	lowest point: South China Sea 0 m highest point: Fan Si Pan 3,144 m
Environment - current issues	wildlife populations threatened by poaching; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; overfishing	logging and slash-and-burn agricultural practices contribute to deforestation and soil degradation; water pollution and overfishing threaten marine life populations; groundwater contamination limits potable water supply; growing urban industrialization and population migration are rapidly degrading environment in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City
Environment - international agreements	party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Marine Dumping	party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban
Ethnic groups	Wolof 43.3%, Pular 23.8%, Serer 14.7%, Jola 3.7%, Mandinka 3%, Soninke 1.1%, European and Lebanese 1%, other 9.4%	Vietnamese 85%-90%, Chinese, Hmong, Thai, Khmer, Cham, mountain groups
Exchange rates	Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 742.79 (January 2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997); note - from 1 January 1999, the XOF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF per euro	dong per US dollar - 15,085 (January 2002), 14,725 (2001), 14,168 (2000), 13,943 (1999), 13,268 (1998), 11,683 (1997)
Executive branch	chief of state: President Abdoulaye WADE (since 1 April 2000) head of government: Prime Minister Idrissa SECK (since 4 November 2002) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister in consultation with the president elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term under new constitution; election last held 27 February and 19 March 2000 (next to be held 27 February 2005); prime minister appointed by the president election results: Abdoulaye WADE elected president; percent of vote in the second round of voting - Abdoulaye WADE (PDS) 58.49%, Abdou DIOUF (PS) 41.51%	chief of state: President Tran Duc LUONG (since 24 September 1997) head of government: Prime Minister Phan Van KHAI (since 25 September 1997); First Deputy Prime Minister Nguyen Tan DUNG (since 29 September 1997); Deputy Prime Ministers Vu KHOAN (since NA) and Pham Gia KHIEM (since 29 September 1997) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the proposal of the prime minister and ratification of the National Assembly elections: president elected by the National Assembly from among its members for a five-year term; election last held 24 September 1997 (next to be held when National Assembly meets following legislative elections in May 2002); prime minister appointed by the president from among the members of the National Assembly; deputy prime ministers appointed by the prime minister election results: Tran Duc LUONG elected president; percent of National Assembly vote - NA%
Exports	$1 billion f.o.b. (2001)	$15.1 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.)
Exports - commodities	fish, groundnuts (peanuts), petroleum products, phosphates, cotton	crude oil, marine products, rice, coffee, rubber, tea, garments, shoes
Exports - partners	France 19%, Italy 12%, Spain 6%, Cote d'Ivoire 2% (2000)	Japan 18.1%, China 10.6%, Australia 8.8%, Singapore 6.1%, Taiwan 5.2%, Germany 5.1%, US 5.1% (2000)
Fiscal year	calendar year	calendar year
Flag description	three equal vertical bands of green (hoist side), yellow, and red with a small green five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia	red with a large yellow five-pointed star in the center
GDP	purchasing power parity - $16.2 billion (2001 est.)	purchasing power parity - $168.1 billion (2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector	agriculture: 19% industry: 21% services: 61% (2000 est.)	agriculture: 25% industry: 35% services: 40% (2000 est.)
GDP - per capita	purchasing power parity - $1,580 (2001 est.)	purchasing power parity - $2,100 (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate	5.7% (2001 est.)	4.7% (2001 est.)
Geographic coordinates	14 00 N, 14 00 W	16 00 N, 106 00 E
Geography - note	westernmost country on the African continent; The Gambia is almost an enclave of Senegal	extending 1,650 km north to south, the country is only 50 km across at its narrowest point
Highways	total: 14,576 km paved: 4,271 km unpaved: 10,305 km (1996)	total: 93,300 km paved: 23,418 km unpaved: 69,882 km (1996)
Household income or consumption by percentage share	lowest 10%: 1% highest 10%: 43% (1991)	lowest 10%: 4% highest 10%: 30% (1998)
Illicit drugs	transshipment point for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin moving to Europe and North America; illicit cultivator of cannabis	minor producer of opium poppy; probable minor transit point for Southeast Asian heroin; domestic opium/heroin/methamphetamine addiction problems
Imports	$1.3 billion f.o.b. (2001)	$15.3 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.)
Imports - commodities	foods and beverages, consumer goods, capital goods, petroleum products	machinery and equipment, petroleum products, fertilizer, steel products, raw cotton, grain, cement, motorcycles
Imports - partners	France 27%, Nigeria 19%, Germany 4%, US 4%, Italy 3% (2000)	Singapore 17.7%, Japan 14.4%, Taiwan 12.1%, South Korea 11.1%, China 9.1%, Thailand 5.2%, Hong Kong 3.9% (2000)
Independence	4 April 1960 (from France); complete independence was achieved upon dissolution of federation with Mali on 20 August 1960	2 September 1945 (from France)
Industrial production growth rate	5.2% (2000 est.)	10.4% (2001 est.)
Industries	agricultural and fish processing, phosphate mining, fertilizer production, petroleum refining, construction materials	food processing, garments, shoes, machine building, mining, cement, chemical fertilizer, glass, tires, oil, coal, steel, paper
Infant mortality rate	55.41 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)	29.34 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)	3.3% (2001 est.)	-0.3% (2001 est.)
International organization participation	ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, MIPONUH, MONUC, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMOVIC, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO	ACCT, APEC, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NAM, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)	1 (2002)	5 (2000)
Irrigated land	710 sq km (1998 est.)	30,000 sq km (1998 est.)
Judicial branch	Constitutional Court; Council of State; Court of Final Appeals or Cour de Cassation; Court of Appeals; note-the judicial system was reformed in 1992	Supreme People's Court (chief justice is elected for a five-year term by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president)
Labor force	NA	38.2 million (1998 est.)
Labor force - by occupation	agriculture 70%	agriculture 67%, industry and services 33% (1997 est.)
Land boundaries	total: 2,640 km border countries: The Gambia 740 km, Guinea 330 km, Guinea-Bissau 338 km, Mali 419 km, Mauritania 813 km	total: 4,639 km border countries: Cambodia 1,228 km, China 1,281 km, Laos 2,130 km
Land use	arable land: 11.58% permanent crops: 0.19% other: 88.23% (1998 est.)	arable land: 17.41% permanent crops: 4.71% other: 77.88% (1998 est.)
Languages	French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Jola, Mandinka	Vietnamese (official), English (increasingly favored as a second language), some French, Chinese, and Khmer; mountain area languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian)
Legal system	based on French civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Court; the Council of State audits the government's accounting office; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction	based on communist legal theory and French civil law system
Legislative branch	unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (120 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve five-year terms) note: the former National Assembly, dissolved in the spring of 2001, had 140 seats elections: last held 29 April 2001 (next to be held NA 2006) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - SOPI Coalition 89, AFP 11, PS 10, other 10	unicameral National Assembly or Quoc-Hoi (498 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 19 May 2002 (next to be held 2007) election results: percent of vote by party - CPV 90%, other 10% (the 10% are not CPV members but are approved by the CPV to stand for election); seats by party - CPV 447, CPV-approved 51
Life expectancy at birth	total population: 62.93 years male: 61.29 years female: 64.61 years (2002 est.)	total population: 69.86 years male: 67.4 years female: 72.5 years (2002 est.)
Literacy	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 39.1% male: 51.1% female: 28.9% (2001 est.)	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 93.7% male: 96.5% female: 91.2% (1995 est.)
Location	Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Guinea-Bissau and Mauritania	Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, Gulf of Tonkin, and South China Sea, alongside China, Laos, and Cambodia
Map references	Africa	Southeast Asia
Maritime claims	contiguous zone: 24 NM continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin exclusive economic zone: 200 NM territorial sea: 12 NM	contiguous zone: 24 NM continental shelf: 200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin exclusive economic zone: 200 NM territorial sea: 12 NM
Merchant marine	-	total: 153 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 782,912 GRT/1,173,186 DWT ships by type: bulk 9, cargo 113, chemical tanker 1, combination bulk 1, container 5, liquefied gas 2, petroleum tanker 20, refrigerated cargo 2 note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Cambodia 1, Japan 1, Singapore 1, United Kingdom 2 (2002 est.)
Military branches	Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie, National Police (Surete Nationale)	People's Army of Vietnam (includes Ground Forces, People's Navy Command [including Naval Infantry], Air and Air Defense Force, Coast Guard)
Military expenditures - dollar figure	$68.6 million (FY02)	$650 million (FY98)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP	1.4% (FY02)	2.5% (FY98)
Military manpower - availability	males age 15-49: 2,406,337 (2002 est.)	males age 15-49: 22,220,891 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service	males age 15-49: 1,257,423 (2002 est.)	males age 15-49: 13,978,653 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - military age	18 years of age (2002 est.)	17 years of age (2002 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually	males: 114,189 (2002 est.)	males: 961,124 (2002 est.)
National holiday	Independence Day, 4 April (1960)	Independence Day, 2 September (1945)
Nationality	noun: Senegalese (singular and plural) adjective: Senegalese	noun: Vietnamese (singular and plural) adjective: Vietnamese
Natural hazards	lowlands seasonally flooded; periodic droughts	occasional typhoons (May to January) with extensive flooding, especially in the Mekong River delta
Natural resources	fish, phosphates, iron ore	phosphates, coal, manganese, bauxite, chromate, offshore oil and gas deposits, forests, hydropower
Net migration rate	0.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)	-0.47 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Pipelines	-	petroleum products 150 km
Political parties and leaders	African Party for Democracy and Socialism or And Jef (also known as PADS/AJ) [Landing SAVANE, secretary general]; African Party of Independence [Majhemout DIOP]; Alliance of Forces of Progress or AFP [Moustapha NIASSE]; Democratic and Patriotic Convention or CDP (also known as Garab-Gi) [Dr. Iba Der THIAM]; Democratic League-Labor Party Movement or LD-MPT [Dr. Abdoulaye BATHILY]; Front for Socialism and Democracy or FSD [Cheikh Abdoulaye DIEYE]; Gainde Centrist Bloc or BGC [Jean-Paul DIAS]; Independence and Labor Party or PIT [Amath DANSOKHO]; National Democratic Rally or RND [Madier DIOUF]; Senegalese Democratic Party or PDS [Abdoulaye WADE]; Socialist Party or PS [Ousmane Tanor DIENG]; SOPI Coalition (a coalition led by the PDS) [Abdoulaye WADE]; Union for Democratic Renewal or URD [Djibo Leyti KA]; other small parties	only party - Communist Party of Vietnam or CPV [Nong Duc MANH, general secretary]
Political pressure groups and leaders	labor; Muslim brotherhoods; students; teachers	none
Population	10,589,571 (July 2002 est.)	81,098,416 (July 2002 est.)
Population below poverty line	54% (2001 est.)	37% (1998 est.)
Population growth rate	2.91% (2002 est.)	1.43% (2002 est.)
Ports and harbors	Dakar, Kaolack, Matam, Podor, Richard Toll, Saint-Louis, Ziguinchor	Cam Ranh, Da Nang, Haiphong, Ho Chi Minh City, Ha Long, Quy Nhon, Nha Trang, Vinh, Vung Tau
Radio broadcast stations	AM 8, FM 20, shortwave 1 (2001)	AM 65, FM 7, shortwave 29 (1999)
Radios	1.24 million (1997)	8.2 million (1997)
Railways	total: 906 km narrow gauge: 906 km 1.000-meter gauge (70 km double-tracked) (2001)	total: 3,142 km standard gauge: 209 km 1.435-m gauge narrow gauge: 2,625 km 1.000-m gauge dual gauge: 308 km three-rail track combining 1.435-m and 1.000-m gauges (2001)
Religions	Muslim 94%, indigenous beliefs 1%, Christian 5% (mostly Roman Catholic)	Buddhist, Hoa Hao, Cao Dai, Christian (predominantly Roman Catholic, some Protestant), indigenous beliefs, Muslim
Sex ratio	at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.97 male(s)/female total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2002 est.)	at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.65 male(s)/female total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Suffrage	18 years of age; universal	18 years of age; universal
Telephone system	general assessment: good system domestic: above-average urban system; microwave radio relay, coaxial cable and fiber-optic cable in trunk system international: 4 submarine cables; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)	general assessment: Vietnam is putting considerable effort into modernization and expansion of its telecommunication system, but its performance continues to lag behind that of its more modern neighbors domestic: all provincial exchanges are digitalized and connected to Hanoi, Da Nang, and Ho Chi Minh City by fiber-optic cable or microwave radio relay networks; since 1991, main lines in use have been substantially increased and the use of mobile telephones is growing rapidly international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region)
Telephones - main lines in use	234,916 (2001)	2.6 million (2000)
Telephones - mobile cellular	373,965 (2001)	730,155 (2000)
Television broadcast stations	1 (1997)	at least 7 (plus 13 repeaters) (1998)
Terrain	generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in southeast	low, flat delta in south and north; central highlands; hilly, mountainous in far north and northwest
Total fertility rate	5.03 children born/woman (2002 est.)	2.44 children born/woman (2002 est.)
Unemployment rate	48% (urban youth 40%) (2001 est.)	25% (1995 est.)
Waterways	897 km note: 785 km on the Senegal river, and 112 km on the Saloum river	17,702 km note: more than 5,149 km are navigable at all times by vessels up to 1.8 m draft

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