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Compare Nicaragua (2001) - Djibouti (2002)

Compare Nicaragua (2001) z Djibouti (2002)

 Nicaragua (2001)Djibouti (2002)
 NicaraguaDjibouti
Administrative divisions 15 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento), 2 autonomous regions* (regiones autonomistas, singular - region autonomista); Boaco, Carazo, Chinandega, Chontales, Esteli, Granada, Jinotega, Leon, Madriz, Managua, Masaya, Matagalpa, Nueva Segovia, Rio San Juan, Rivas, Atlantico Norte*, Atlantico Sur* 5 districts (cercles, singular - cercle); 'Ali Sabih, Dikhil, Djibouti, Obock, Tadjoura
Age structure 0-14 years:
38.98% (male 976,087; female 941,141)

15-64 years:
58.08% (male 1,418,555; female 1,438,096)

65 years and over:
2.94% (male 62,963; female 81,551) (2001 est.)
0-14 years: 42.6% (male 100,903; female 100,420)


15-64 years: 54.5% (male 135,409; female 122,209)


65 years and over: 2.9% (male 7,220; female 6,649) (2002 est.)
Agriculture - products coffee, bananas, sugarcane, cotton, rice, corn, tobacco, sesame, soya, beans; beef, veal, pork, poultry, dairy products fruits, vegetables; goats, sheep, camels
Airports 182 (2000 est.) 12 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways total:
11

2,438 to 3,047 m:
2

1,524 to 2,437 m:
3

914 to 1,523 m:
3

under 914 m:
3 (2000 est.)
total: 3


over 3,047 m: 1


2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2002)
Airports - with unpaved runways total:
171

1,524 to 2,437 m:
1

914 to 1,523 m:
25

under 914 m:
145 (2000 est.)
total: 10


1,524 to 2,437 m: 2


914 to 1,523 m: 5


under 914 m: 3 (2002)
Area total:
129,494 sq km

land:
120,254 sq km

water:
9,240 sq km
total: 23,000 sq km


land: 22,980 sq km


water: 20 sq km
Area - comparative slightly smaller than the state of New York slightly smaller than Massachusetts
Background Settled as a colony of Spain in the 1520s, Nicaragua gained its independence in 1821. Violent opposition to governmental manipulation and corruption spread to all classes by 1978 and resulted in a short-lived civil war that brought the Marxist Sandinista guerrillas to power in 1979. Nicaraguan aid to leftist rebels in El Salvador caused the US to sponsor anti-Sandinista contra guerrillas through much of the 1980s. Free elections in 1990 and again in 1996 saw the Sandinistas defeated. The country has slowly rebuilt its economy during the 1990s, but was hard hit by Hurricane Mitch in 1998. The French Territory of the Afars and the Issas became Djibouti in 1977. A peace accord in 1994 ended a three-year uprising by Afars rebels.
Birth rate 27.64 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) 40.33 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Budget revenues:
$734 million

expenditures:
$836 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
revenues: $135 million


expenditures: $182 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1999 est.)
Capital Managua Djibouti
Climate tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands desert; torrid, dry
Coastline 910 km 314 km
Constitution 9 January 1987, with reforms in 1995 and 2000 multiparty constitution approved by referendum 4 September 1992
Country name conventional long form:
Republic of Nicaragua

conventional short form:
Nicaragua

local long form:
Republica de Nicaragua

local short form:
Nicaragua
conventional long form: Republic of Djibouti


conventional short form: Djibouti


former: French Territory of the Afars and Issas, French Somaliland
Currency gold cordoba (NIO) Djiboutian franc (DJF)
Death rate 4.82 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) 14.43 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Debt - external $6.4 billion (2000 est.) $366 million (2002 est.)
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission:
Ambassador Oliver P. GARZA

embassy:
Apartado Postal 327, Kilometer 4.5 Carretera Sur, Managua

mailing address:
APO AA 34021

telephone:
[505] (2) 662298, 666010, 666012, 666013, 666015, 666018, 666026, 666027, 666032, 666033

FAX:
[505] (2) 669074
chief of mission: Ambassador Donald YAMAMOTO


embassy: Plateau du Serpent, Boulevard Marechal Joffre, Djibouti


mailing address: B. P. 185, Djibouti


telephone: [253] 35 39 95


FAX: [253] 35 39 40
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission:
Ambassador Alfonso ORTEGA Urbina

chancery:
1627 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009

telephone:
[1] (202) 939-6570

FAX:
[1] (202) 939-6542

consulate(s) general:
Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York
chief of mission: Ambassador ROBLE Olhaye Oudine


chancery: Suite 515, 1156 15th Street NW, Washington, DC 20005


telephone: [1] (202) 331-0270


FAX: [1] (202) 331-0302
Disputes - international territorial disputes with Colombia over the Archipelago de San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno Bank; with respect to the maritime boundary question in the Golfo de Fonseca, the ICJ referred to the line determined by the 1900 Honduras-Nicaragua Mixed Boundary Commission and advised that some tripartite resolution among El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua likely would be required; maritime boundary dispute with Honduras in the Caribbean Sea is before the ICJ; legal dispute over navigational rights of San Juan River on border with Costa Rica Djibouti maintains economic ties and border accords with "Somaliland" leadership while politically supporting the Somali Transitional National Government in Mogadishu
Economic aid - recipient NA $36 million (2001)
Economy - overview Nicaragua, one of the hemisphere's poorest countries, faces low per capita income, flagging socio-economic indicators, and huge external debt. While the country has made progress toward macro-economic stabilization over the past few years, a banking crisis and scandal has shaken the economy. Managua will continue to be dependent on international aid and debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) initiative. Donors have made aid conditional on improving governability, the openness of government financial operation, poverty alleviation, and human rights. Nicaragua met the conditions for additional debt service relief in December 2000. Growth should remain moderate to high in 2001. The economy is based on service activities connected with the country's strategic location and status as a free trade zone in northeast Africa. Two-thirds of the inhabitants live in the capital city, the remainder being mostly nomadic herders. Scanty rainfall limits crop production to fruits and vegetables, and most food must be imported. Djibouti provides services as both a transit port for the region and an international transshipment and refueling center. It has few natural resources and little industry. The nation is, therefore, heavily dependent on foreign assistance to help support its balance of payments and to finance development projects. An unemployment rate of 50% continues to be a major problem. Inflation is not a concern, however, because of the fixed tie of the franc to the US dollar. Per capita consumption dropped an estimated 35% over the last seven years because of recession, civil war, and a high population growth rate (including immigrants and refugees). Faced with a multitude of economic difficulties, the government has fallen in arrears on long-term external debt and has been struggling to meet the stipulations of foreign aid donors. Another factor limiting growth is the negative impact on port activity now that Ethiopia has more trade route options.
Electricity - consumption 2.265 billion kWh (1999) 167.4 million kWh (2000)
Electricity - exports 20 million kWh (1999) 0 kWh (2000)
Electricity - imports 100 million kWh (1999) 0 kWh (2000)
Electricity - production 2.349 billion kWh (1999) 180 million kWh (2000)
Electricity - production by source fossil fuel:
67.26%

hydro:
17.71%

nuclear:
0%

other:
15.03% (1999)
fossil fuel: 100%


hydro: 0%


nuclear: 0%


other: 0% (2000)
Elevation extremes lowest point:
Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point:
Mogoton 2,438 m
lowest point: Lac Assal -155 m


highest point: Moussa Ali 2,028 m
Environment - current issues deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution; Hurricane Mitch damage inadequate supplies of potable water; desertification; endangered species
Environment - international agreements party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:
Environmental Modification
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution


signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Ethnic groups mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 69%, white 17%, black 9%, Amerindian 5% Somali 60%, Afar 35%, French, Arab, Ethiopian, and Italian 5%
Exchange rates gold cordobas per US dollar - 12.96 (November 2000), 12.69 (2000 est.), 11.81 (1999), 10.58 (1998), 9.45 (1997), 8.44 (1996) Djiboutian francs per US dollar - 177.721 (fixed rate since 1973)
Executive branch chief of state:
President Arnoldo ALEMAN Lacayo (since 10 January 1997); Vice President Leopoldo NAVARRO (since 24 October 2000); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government

head of government:
President Arnoldo ALEMAN Lacayo (since 10 January 1997); Vice President Leopoldo NAVARRO (since 24 October 2000); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government

cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections:
president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 20 October 1996 (next to be held 4 November 2001); note - in July 1995 the term of the office of the president was amended to five years

election results:
Arnoldo ALEMAN Lacayo (Liberal Alliance - ruling party - includes PLC, PALI, PLIUN, and PUCA) 51.03%, Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra (FSLN) 37.75%, Guillermo OSORNO (PCCN) 4.10%, Noel VIDAURRE (PCN) 2.26%, Benjamin LANZAS (PRONAL) 0.53%, other (18 other candidates) 4.33%
chief of state: President Ismail Omar GUELLEH (since 8 May 1999)


head of government: Prime Minister DILEITA Mohamed Dileita (since 4 March 2001)


cabinet: Council of Ministers responsible to the president


elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term; election last held 9 April 1999 (next to be held NA 2005); prime minister appointed by the president


election results: Ismail Omar GUELLEH elected president; percent of vote - Ismail Omar GUELLEH 74.4%, IDRIS Moussa Ahmed 25.6%
Exports $631 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.) $260 million f.o.b. (1999 est.)
Exports - commodities coffee, shrimp and lobster, cotton, tobacco, beef, sugar, bananas; gold reexports, hides and skins, coffee (in transit)
Exports - partners US 37.7%, El Salvador 12.5%, Germany 9.8%, Costa Rica 5.1%, Spain 2.5%, France 2.1% (1999) Somalia 53%, Yemen 23%, Ethiopia 5% (1998)
Fiscal year calendar year calendar year
Flag description three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on the top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; similar to the flag of El Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band two equal horizontal bands of light blue (top) and light green with a white isosceles triangle based on the hoist side bearing a red five-pointed star in the center
GDP purchasing power parity - $13.1 billion (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $586 million (2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture:
31.6%

industry:
22.8%

services:
45.6% (1999)
agriculture: 3%


industry: 10%


services: 87% (2001 est.)
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $2,700 (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $1,400 (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate 5% (2000 est.) 0% (2001 est.)
Geographic coordinates 13 00 N, 85 00 W 11 30 N, 43 00 E
Geography - note - strategic location near world's busiest shipping lanes and close to Arabian oilfields; terminus of rail traffic into Ethiopia; mostly wasteland; Lac Assal (Lake Assal) is the lowest point in Africa
Highways total:
16,382 km

paved:
1,818 km

unpaved:
14,564 km (1998)
total: 2,890 km


paved: 364 km


unpaved: 2,526 km (1996)
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%:
1.6%

highest 10%:
39.8% (1993)
lowest 10%: NA%


highest 10%: NA%
Illicit drugs transshipment point for cocaine destined for the US and transshipment point for arms-for-drugs dealing -
Imports $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.) $440 million f.o.b. (1999 est.)
Imports - commodities machinery and equipment, raw materials, petroleum products, consumer goods foods, beverages, transport equipment, chemicals, petroleum products
Imports - partners US 34.5%, Costa Rica 11.4%, Guatemala 7.3%, Panama 6.9%, Venezuela 5.9%, El Salvador 5.5% (1999) France 13%, Ethiopia 12%, Italy 9%, Saudi Arabia 6%, UK 6% (1998)
Independence 15 September 1821 (from Spain) 27 June 1977 (from France)
Industrial production growth rate 4.4% (2000 est.) 3% (1996 est.)
Industries food processing, chemicals, machinery and metal products, textiles, clothing, petroleum refining and distribution, beverages, footwear, wood construction, agricultural processing
Infant mortality rate 33.66 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) 99.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 11% (2000 est.) 2% (2001 est.)
International organization participation BCIE, CACM, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LAES, LAIA (observer), NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AFESD, AL, AMF, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPCW (signatory), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 3 (2000) 1 (2000)
Irrigated land 880 sq km (1993 est.) 10 sq km (1998 est.)
Judicial branch Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (16 judges elected for seven-year terms by the National Assembly) Supreme Court or Cour Supreme
Labor force 1.7 million (1999) 282,000
Labor force - by occupation services 43%, agriculture 42%, industry 15% (1999 est.) NA%
Land boundaries total:
1,231 km

border countries:
Costa Rica 309 km, Honduras 922 km
total: 516 km


border countries: Eritrea 109 km, Ethiopia 349 km, Somalia 58 km
Land use arable land:
9%

permanent crops:
1%

permanent pastures:
46%

forests and woodland:
27%

other:
17% (1993 est.)
arable land: 0%


permanent crops: 0%


other: 100% (1998 est.)
Languages Spanish (official)

note:
English and indigenous languages on Atlantic coast
French (official), Arabic (official), Somali, Afar
Legal system civil law system; Supreme Court may review administrative acts based on French civil law system, traditional practices, and Islamic law
Legislative branch unicameral National Assembly or Asamblea Nacional (93 seats; members are elected by proportional representation to serve five-year terms)

elections:
last held 20 October 1996 (next to be held 4 November 2001)

election results:
percent of vote by party - Liberal Alliance (ruling party - includes PLC, PALI, PLIUN, and PUCA) 46.03%, FSLN 36.55%, PCCN 3.73%, PCN 2.12%, MRS 1.33%; seats by party - Liberal Alliance 42, FSLN 36, PCCN 4, PCN 3, PRONAL 2, MRS 1, PRN 1, PC 1, PLI 1, AU 1, UNO-96 Alliance 1
unicameral Chamber of Deputies or Chambre des Deputes (65 seats; members elected by popular vote for five-year terms)


elections: last held 10 January 2003 (next to be held NA January 2008)


election results: percent of vote - RPP 62.2%, FRUD 36.9%; seats - RPP 65, FRUD 0; note - RPP (the ruling party) dominated the election
Life expectancy at birth total population:
69.05 years

male:
67.1 years

female:
71.11 years (2001 est.)
total population: 51.6 years


male: 49.73 years


female: 53.52 years (2002 est.)
Literacy definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
65.7%

male:
64.6%

female:
66.6% (1995 est.)
definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 46.2%


male: 60.3%


female: 32.7% (1995 est.)
Location Middle America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean, between Costa Rica and Honduras Eastern Africa, bordering the Gulf of Aden and the Red Sea, between Eritrea and Somalia
Map references Central America and the Caribbean Africa
Maritime claims continental shelf:
natural prolongation

territorial sea:
200 NM
contiguous zone: 24 NM


exclusive economic zone: 200 NM


territorial sea: 12 NM
Merchant marine none (2000 est.) -
Military branches Army, Navy, Air Force Djibouti National Army (including Navy and Air Force)
Military expenditures - dollar figure $26 million (FY98) $26.5 million (FY01)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 1.2% (FY98) 4.4% (FY01)
Military manpower - availability males age 15-49:
1,269,322 (2001 est.)
males age 15-49: 110,221 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service males age 15-49:
779,267 (2001 est.)
males age 15-49: 64,940 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - military age 18 years of age -
Military manpower - reaching military age annually males:
58,232 (2001 est.)
-
National holiday Independence Day, 15 September (1821) Independence Day, 27 June (1977)
Nationality noun:
Nicaraguan(s)

adjective:
Nicaraguan
noun: Djiboutian(s)


adjective: Djiboutian
Natural hazards destructive earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, and occasionally severe hurricanes earthquakes; droughts; occasional cyclonic disturbances from the Indian Ocean bring heavy rains and flash floods
Natural resources gold, silver, copper, tungsten, lead, zinc, timber, fish geothermal areas
Net migration rate -1.33 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Pipelines crude oil 56 km -
Political parties and leaders Conservative Party of Nicaragua or PCN [Dr. Fernando AGUERO Rocha]; Independent Liberal Party or PLI [Virgilio GODOY]; Liberal Alliance (ruling alliance including Liberal Constitutional Party or PLC, New Liberal Party or PALI, Independent Liberal Party for National Unity or PLIUN, and Central American Unionist Party or PUCA) [leader NA]; National Conservative Party or PC [Pedro SOLARZANO, Noel VIDAURRE]; National Project or PRONAL [Benjamin LANZAS]; Nicaraguan Party of the Christian Path or PCCN [Guillermo OSORNO, Roberto RODRIGUEZ]; Nicaraguan Resistance Party or PRN [Salvador TALAVERA]; Sandinista National Liberation Front or FSLN [Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra]; Sandinista Renovation Movement or MRS [Sergio RAMIREZ]; Unity Alliance or AU [Alejandro SERRANO]; Union Nacional Opositora 96 or UNO-96 [Alfredo CESAR Aguirre] Democratic National Party or PND [ADEN Robleh Awaleh]; Democratic Renewal Party or PRD [Abdillahi HAMARITEH]; Front pour la Restauration de l'Unite Democratique or FRUD [Ali Mohamed DAOUD]; People's Progress Assembly or RPP (governing party) [Ismail Omar GUELLEH]
Political pressure groups and leaders National Workers Front or FNT is a Sandinista umbrella group of eight labor unions including - Farm Workers Association or ATC, Health Workers Federation or FETASALUD, Heroes and Martyrs Confederation of Professional Associations or CONAPRO, National Association of Educators of Nicaragua or ANDEN, National Union of Employees or UNE, National Union of Farmers and Ranchers or UNAG, Sandinista Workers Central or CST, and Union of Journalists of Nicaragua or UPN; Permanent Congress of Workers or CPT is an umbrella group of four non-Sandinista labor unions including - Autonomous Nicaraguan Workers Central or CTN-A, Confederation of Labor Unification or CUS, Independent General Confederation of Labor or CGT-I, and Labor Action and Unity Central or CAUS; Nicaraguan Workers' Central or CTN is an independent labor union; Superior Council of Private Enterprise or COSEP is a confederation of business groups Movement for Unity and Democracy or MUD
Population 4,918,393 (July 2001 est.) 472,810 (July 2002 est.)
Population below poverty line 50% (2000 est.) 50% (2001 est.)
Population growth rate 2.15% (2001 est.) 2.59% (2002 est.)
Ports and harbors Bluefields, Corinto, El Bluff, Puerto Cabezas, Puerto Sandino, Rama, San Juan del Sur Djibouti
Radio broadcast stations AM 63, FM 32, shortwave 1 (1998) AM 1, FM 2, shortwave 0 (2001)
Radios 1.24 million (1997) 52,000 (1997)
Railways - total: 100 km (Djibouti segment of the Addis Ababa-Djibouti railroad)


narrow gauge: 100 km 1.000-m gauge


note: Djibouti and Ethiopia plan to revitalize the century-old railroad that links their capitals by 2003 (2001 est.)
Religions Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant Muslim 94%, Christian 6%
Sex ratio at birth:
1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
0.99 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.77 male(s)/female

total population:
1 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 1.11 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 1.09 male(s)/female


total population: 1.06 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Suffrage 16 years of age; universal 18 years of age; universal adult
Telephone system general assessment:
inadequate system being upgraded by foreign investment

domestic:
low-capacity microwave radio relay and wire system being expanded; connected to Central American Microwave System

international:
satellite earth stations - 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region) and 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
general assessment: telephone facilities in the city of Djibouti are adequate as are the microwave radio relay connections to outlying areas of the country


domestic: microwave radio relay network


international: submarine cable to Jiddah, Suez, Sicily, Marseilles, Colombo, and Singapore; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat; Medarabtel regional microwave radio relay telephone network
Telephones - main lines in use 140,000 (1996) 10,000 (2002)
Telephones - mobile cellular 7,911 (1997) 5,000 (2002)
Television broadcast stations 3 (plus seven low-power repeaters) (1997) 1 (2002)
Terrain extensive Atlantic coastal plains rising to central interior mountains; narrow Pacific coastal plain interrupted by volcanoes coastal plain and plateau separated by central mountains
Total fertility rate 3.18 children born/woman (2001 est.) 5.64 children born/woman (2002 est.)
Unemployment rate 20% plus considerable underemployment (1999 est.) 50% (2000 est.) (2000 est.)
Waterways 2,220 km (including 2 large lakes) none
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