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Compare Mongolia (2002) - Sweden (2001)

Compare Mongolia (2002) z Sweden (2001)

 Mongolia (2002)Sweden (2001)
 MongoliaSweden
Administrative divisions 21 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 1 municipality* (hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan Uul, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan, Govi-Altay, Govi-Sumber, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Orhon, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs 21 counties (lan, singular and plural); Blekinge, Dalarnas, Gavleborgs, Gotlands, Hallands, Jamtlands, Jonkopings, Kalmar, Kronobergs, Norrbottens, Orebro, Ostergotlands, Skane, Sodermanlands, Stockholms, Uppsala, Varmlands, Vasterbottens, Vasternorrlands, Vastmanlands, Vastra Gotalands
Age structure 0-14 years: 32% (male 438,176; female 422,960)


15-64 years: 64.1% (male 864,033; female 865,172)


65 years and over: 3.9% (male 45,080; female 59,011) (2002 est.)
0-14 years:
18.19% (male 828,308; female 786,353)

15-64 years:
64.53% (male 2,911,949; female 2,814,730)

65 years and over:
17.28% (male 649,296; female 884,417) (2001 est.)
Agriculture - products wheat, barley, potatoes, forage crops; sheep, goats, cattle, camels, horses grains, sugar beets, potatoes; meat, milk
Airports 34 (2001) 255 (2000 est.)
Airports - with paved runways total: 8


2,438 to 3,047 m: 7


under 914 m: 1 (2002)
total:
147

over 3,047 m:
3

2,438 to 3,047 m:
11

1,524 to 2,437 m:
80

914 to 1,523 m:
28

under 914 m:
25 (2000 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways total: 26


over 3,047 m: 3


2,438 to 3,047 m: 5


1,524 to 2,437 m: 10


914 to 1,523 m: 3


under 914 m: 5 (2002)
total:
108

914 to 1,523 m:
5

under 914 m:
103 (2000 est.)
Area total: 1.565 million sq km


land: 1,555,400 sq km


water: 9,600 sq km
total:
449,964 sq km

land:
410,934 sq km

water:
39,030 sq km
Area - comparative slightly smaller than Alaska slightly larger than California
Background The Mongols entered history in the 13th century when under GENGHIS KHAN they conquered a huge Eurasian empire. After his death the empire was divided into several powerful Mongol states, but these broke apart in the 14th century. The Mongols eventually retired to their original steppe homelands and came under Chinese rule. Mongolia won its independence in 1921 with Soviet backing. A Communist regime was installed in 1924. During the early 1990s, the ex-Communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) gradually yielded its monopoly on power to the Democratic Union Coalition (DUC), which defeated the MPRP in a national election in 1996. Over the next four years the DUC put forward a number of key reforms to modernize the economy and democratize the political system. However, the former Communists were a strong opposition that stalled additional restructuring and made implementation difficult. In 2000, the MPRP won an overwhelming victory in the legislature - with 72 of the 76 seats - and completely reshuffled the government. While it continues many of the reform policies, the MPRP is focusing on social welfare and public order priorities. A military power during the 17th century, Sweden has not participated in any war in almost two centuries. An armed neutrality was preserved in both World Wars. Sweden's long-successful economic formula of a capitalist system interlarded with substantial welfare elements has recently been undermined by high unemployment, rising maintenance costs, and a declining position in world markets. Indecision over the country's role in the political and economic integration of Europe caused Sweden not to join the EU until 1995, and to forgo the introduction of the euro in 1999.
Birth rate 21.8 births/1,000 population (2002 est.) 9.91 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Budget revenues: $262 million


expenditures: $328 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
revenues:
$133 billion

expenditures:
$125.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
Capital Ulaanbaatar Stockholm
Climate desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges) temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north
Coastline 0 km (landlocked) 3,218 km
Constitution 12 February 1992 1 January 1975
Country name conventional long form: none


conventional short form: Mongolia


local long form: none


local short form: Mongol Uls


former: Outer Mongolia
conventional long form:
Kingdom of Sweden

conventional short form:
Sweden

local long form:
Konungariket Sverige

local short form:
Sverige
Currency togrog/tugrik (MNT) Swedish krona (SEK)
Death rate 7.01 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.) 10.61 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Debt - external $760 million (2000 est.) $66.5 billion (1994)
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission: Ambassador John DINGER


embassy: inner northeast part of the Big Ring Road, just west of the Selbe Gol, Ulaanbaatar


mailing address: United States Embassy in Mongolia, P. O. Box 1021, Ulaanbaatar 13; PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002


telephone: [976] (11) 329095


FAX: [976] (11) 320776
chief of mission:
Ambassador Lyndon Lowell OLSON, Jr.

embassy:
Dag Hammarskjolds VAG 31, SE-11589 Stockholm

mailing address:
American Embassy Stockholm, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5750 (pouch)

telephone:
[46] (8) 783 53 00

FAX:
[46] (8) 661 19 64
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission: Ambassador Jalbuugiyn CHOINHOR


chancery: 2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007


telephone: [1] (202) 333-7117


FAX: [1] (202) 298-9227


consulate(s) general: New York
chief of mission:
Ambassador Jan ELIASSON

chancery:
1501 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20005-1702

telephone:
[1] (202) 467-2600

FAX:
[1] (202) 467-2699

consulate(s) general:
Los Angeles and New York
Disputes - international none none
Economic aid - donor - ODA, $1.7 billion (1997)
Economic aid - recipient $208.7 million (1999 est.) -
Economy - overview Economic activity traditionally has been based on agriculture and breeding of livestock. Mongolia also has extensive mineral deposits: copper, coal, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, and gold account for a large part of industrial production. Soviet assistance, at its height one-third of GDP, disappeared almost overnight in 1990-91, at the time of the dismantlement of the USSR. Mongolia was driven into deep recession, prolonged by the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party's (MPRP) reluctance to undertake serious economic reform. The Democratic Coalition (DC) government has embraced free-market economics, easing price controls, liberalizing domestic and international trade, and attempting to restructure the banking system and the energy sector. Major domestic privatization programs were undertaken, as well as the fostering of foreign investment through international tender of the oil distribution company, a leading cashmere company, and banks. Reform was held back by the ex-Communist MPRP opposition and by the political instability brought about through four successive governments under the DC. Economic growth picked up in 1997-99 after stalling in 1996 due to a series of natural disasters and declines in world prices of copper and cashmere. In August and September 1999, the economy suffered from a temporary Russian ban on exports of oil and oil products, and Mongolia remains vulnerable in this sector. Mongolia joined the World Trade Organization (WTrO) in 1997. The international donor community pledged over $300 million per year at the last Consultative Group Meeting, held in Ulaanbaatar in June 1999. The MPRP government, elected in July 2000, is anxious to improve the investment climate; it must also deal with a heavy burden of external debt. Falling prices for Mongolia's mainly primary sector exports, widespread opposition to privatization, and adverse effects of weather on agriculture in early 2000 and 2001 restrained real GDP growth in 2000-01. Aided by peace and neutrality for the whole twentieth century, Sweden has achieved an enviable standard of living under a mixed system of high-tech capitalism and extensive welfare benefits. It has a modern distribution system, excellent internal and external communications, and a skilled labor force. Timber, hydropower, and iron ore constitute the resource base of an economy heavily oriented toward foreign trade. Privately owned firms account for about 90% of industrial output, of which the engineering sector accounts for 50% of output and exports. Agriculture accounts for only 2% of GDP and 2% of the jobs. In recent years, however, this extraordinarily favorable picture has been somewhat clouded by budgetary difficulties, high unemployment, and a gradual loss of competitiveness in international markets. Sweden has harmonized its economic policies with those of the EU, which it joined at the start of 1995. GDP growth is forecast for 4% in 2001.
Electricity - consumption 2.732 billion kWh (2000) 128.819 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - exports 25 million kWh (2000) 15.9 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - imports 181 million kWh (2000) 8.35 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - production 2.77 billion kWh (2000) 146.633 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - production by source fossil fuel: 100%


hydro: 0%


nuclear: 0%


other: 0% (2000)
fossil fuel:
5.53%

hydro:
47.24%

nuclear:
45.42%

other:
1.81% (1999)
Elevation extremes lowest point: Hoh Nuur 518 m


highest point: Nayramadlin Orgil (Huyten Orgil) 4,374 m
lowest point:
Baltic Sea 0 m

highest point:
Kebnekaise 2,111 m
Environment - current issues limited natural fresh water resources in some areas; policies of the former Communist regime promoting rapid urbanization and industrial growth have raised concerns about their negative effects on the environment; the burning of soft coal in power plants and the lack of enforcement of environmental laws have severely polluted the air in Ulaanbaatar; deforestation, overgrazing, the converting of virgin land to agricultural production have increased soil erosion from wind and rain; desertification and mining activities have also had a deleterious effect on the environment acid rain damaging soils and lakes; pollution of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea
Environment - international agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands


signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
party to:
Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified:
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
Ethnic groups Mongol (predominantly Khalkha) 85%, Turkic (of which Kazakh is the largest group) 7%, Tungusic 4.6%, other (including Chinese and Russian) 3.4% (1998) indigenous population: Swedes and Finnish and Sami minorities; foreign-born or first-generation immigrants: Finns, Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Greeks, Turks
Exchange rates togrogs/tugriks per US dollar - 1,101.29 (December 2001), 1,097.70 (2001), 1,076.67 (2000), 1,072.37 (1999), 840.83 (1998), 789.99 (1997) Swedish kronor per US dollar - 9.4669 (January 2001), 9.1622 (2000), 8.2624 (1999), 7.9499 (1998), 7.6349 (1997), 6.7060 (1996)
Executive branch chief of state: President Natsagiyn BAGABANDI (since 20 June 1997)


head of government: Prime Minister Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR (since 26 July 2000)


cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the State Great Hural in consultation with the president


elections: president nominated by parties in the State Great Hural and elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 20 May 2001 (next to be held NA May 2005); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition is usually elected prime minister by the State Great Hural; election last held 2 July 2000 (next to be held NA 2004)


election results: Natsagiyn BAGABANDI reelected president; percent of vote - Natsagiyn BAGABANDI (MPRP) 58.13%, Radnaasumbereliyn GONCHIGDORJ (DP) 36.58%, Luvsandamba DASHNYAM (CWP) 3.54%, other 1.75%; Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR elected prime minister by a vote in the State Great Hural of 68 to 3
chief of state:
King CARL XVI GUSTAF (since 19 September 1973); Heir Apparent Princess VICTORIA Ingrid Alice Desiree, daughter of the monarch (born 14 July 1977)

head of government:
Prime Minister Goran PERSSON (since 21 March 1996)

cabinet:
Cabinet appointed by the prime minister

elections:
the monarch is hereditary; prime minister elected by the Parliament; election last held NA September 1998 (next to be held NA 2002)

election results:
Goran PERSSON reelected prime minister with 131 out of 349 votes
Exports $466.1 million f.o.b. (2000) $95.5 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Exports - commodities copper, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metals machinery 35%, motor vehicles, paper products, pulp and wood, iron and steel products, chemicals
Exports - partners China 59%, US 20%, Russia 10%, Japan 2% (2000) EU 55% (Germany 11%, UK 10%, Denmark 6%, Finland 5%, France 5%), US 9%, Norway 8% (1999)
Fiscal year calendar year calendar year
Flag description three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red; centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol) blue with a yellow cross that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)
GDP purchasing power parity - $4.7 billion (2001 est.) purchasing power parity - $197 billion (2000 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture: 32%


industry: 30%


services: 38% (2000 est.)
agriculture:
2.2%

industry:
27.9%

services:
69.9% (1999)
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $1,770 (2001 est.) purchasing power parity - $22,200 (2000 est.)
GDP - real growth rate 2.4% (2001 est.) 4.3% (2000 est.)
Geographic coordinates 46 00 N, 105 00 E 62 00 N, 15 00 E
Geography - note landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia strategic location along Danish Straits linking Baltic and North Seas
Heliports - 1 (2000 est.)
Highways total: 3,387 km


paved: 1,563 km


unpaved: 1,824 km


note: there are also 45,862 km of rural roads that consist of rough, unimproved, cross-country tracks (2000)
total:
210,760 km

paved:
162,707 km (including 1,428 km of expressways)

unpaved:
48,053 km (1999)
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%: 3%


highest 10%: 25% (1995) (1995)
lowest 10%:
3.7%

highest 10%:
20.1% (1992)
Imports $614.5 million c.i.f. (2000) $80 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Imports - commodities machinery and equipment, fuels, food products, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea machinery, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, motor vehicles, iron and steel; foodstuffs, clothing
Imports - partners Russia 34%, China 21%, Japan 12%, South Korea 9%, US 4% (2000) EU 67% (Germany 18%, UK 10%, Denmark 7%, France 6%), Norway 8%, US 6% (1999)
Independence 11 July 1921 (from China) 6 June 1523 (Gustav VASA elected king)
Industrial production growth rate 2.4% (2000 est.) 7% (2000 est.)
Industries construction materials, mining (coal, copper, molybdenum, fluorspar, and gold); oil; food and beverages, processing of animal products iron and steel, precision equipment (bearings, radio and telephone parts, armaments), wood pulp and paper products, processed foods, motor vehicles
Infant mortality rate 51.97 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.) 3.47 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 11.8% (2000 est.) 1.2% (2000 est.)
International organization participation ARF (dialogue partner), AsDB, ASEAN (observer), CCC, CP (provisional), EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CCC, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, G- 6, G- 9, G-10, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, NAM (guest), NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNMEE, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMOGIP, UNMOP, UNOMIG, UNTAET, UNTSO, UPU, WEU (observer), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO, ZC
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 5 (2001) 29 (2000)
Irrigated land 840 sq km (1998 est.) 1,150 sq km (1993 est.)
Judicial branch Supreme Court (serves as appeals court for people's and provincial courts, but rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts; judges are nominated by the General Council of Courts for approval by the president) Supreme Court or Hogsta Domstolen (judges are appointed by the prime minister and the cabinet)
Labor force 1.4 million (2000) 4.4 million (2000 est.)
Labor force - by occupation primarily herding/agricultural agriculture 2%, industry 24%, services 74% (2000 est.)
Land boundaries total: 8,162 km


border countries: China 4,677 km, Russia 3,485 km
total:
2,205 km

border countries:
Finland 586 km, Norway 1,619 km
Land use arable land: 0.84%


permanent crops: 0%


other: 99.16% (1998 est.)
arable land:
7%

permanent crops:
0%

permanent pastures:
1%

forests and woodland:
68%

other:
24% (1993 est.)
Languages Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian (1999) Swedish

note:
small Lapp- and Finnish-speaking minorities
Legal system blend of Russian, Chinese, Turkish, and Western systems of law that combines aspects of a parliamentary system with some aspects of a presidential system; constitution ambiguous on judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction civil law system influenced by customary law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Legislative branch unicameral State Great Hural (76 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)


elections: last held 2 July 2000 (next to be held NA July 2004)


election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - MPRP 72, other 4
unicameral Parliament or Riksdag (349 seats; members are elected by popular vote on a proportional representation basis to serve four-year terms)

elections:
last held 20 September 1998 (next to be held NA September 2002)

election results:
percent of vote by party - Social Democrats 36.5%, Moderates 22.7%, Left Party 12%, Christian Democrats 11.8%, Center Party 5.1%, Liberal Party 4.7%, Greens 4.5%; seats by party - Social Democrats 131, Moderates 82, Left Party 43, Christian Democrats 42, Center Party 18, Liberal Party 17, Greens 16
Life expectancy at birth total population: 64.62 years


male: 62.47 years


female: 66.87 years (2002 est.)
total population:
79.71 years

male:
77.07 years

female:
82.5 years (2001 est.)
Literacy definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 97.8%


male: 98%


female: 97.5% (2000)
definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
99% (1979 est.)

male:
NA%

female:
NA%
Location Northern Asia, between China and Russia Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, Kattegat, and Skagerrak, between Finland and Norway
Map references Asia Europe
Maritime claims none (landlocked) continental shelf:
200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone:
agreed boundaries or midlines

territorial sea:
12 NM (adjustments made to return a portion of straits to high seas)
Merchant marine - total:
167 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,205,370 GRT/1,663,091 DWT

ships by type:
bulk 5, cargo 28, chemical tanker 31, combination ore/oil 4, liquefied gas 1, passenger 1, petroleum tanker 29, railcar carrier 1, roll on/roll off 40, short-sea passenger 4, specialized tanker 6, vehicle carrier 17 (2000 est.)
Military branches Mongolian Armed Forces (includes General Purpose Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Civil Defense Troops); note - Border Troops are under Ministry of Justice and Home Affairs in peacetime Swedish Army, Royal Swedish Navy, Swedish Air Force
Military expenditures - dollar figure $24.3 million (FY01) $5 billion (FY98)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 2.5% (FY01) 2.1% (FY98)
Military manpower - availability males age 15-49: 772,619 (2002 est.) males age 15-49:
2,062,566 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service males age 15-49: 501,493 (2002 est.) males age 15-49:
1,803,995 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - military age 18 years of age (2002 est.) 19 years of age
Military manpower - reaching military age annually males: 30,230 (2002 est.) males:
51,506 (2001 est.)
National holiday Independence Day/Revolution Day, 11 July (1921) Flag Day, 6 June
Nationality noun: Mongolian(s)


adjective: Mongolian
noun:
Swede(s)

adjective:
Swedish
Natural hazards dust storms, grassland and forest fires, drought, and "zud", which is harsh winter conditions ice floes in the surrounding waters, especially in the Gulf of Bothnia, can interfere with maritime traffic
Natural resources oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, wolfram, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron, phosphate zinc, iron ore, lead, copper, silver, timber, uranium, hydropower
Net migration rate 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.) 0.91 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Pipelines - natural gas 84 km
Political parties and leaders Citizens' Will Party or CWP (also called Civil Will Party or Civil Courage Party) [Sanjaasurengyn OYUN]; Democratic Party or DP [D. DORLIGJAN]; Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party or MPRP [Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR]; Mongolian New Socialist Democratic Party or MNSDP [B. ERDENEBAT]; Mongolian Republican Party or MRP [B. JARGALSAIHAN]


note: the MPRP is the ruling party
Center Party [Lennart DALEUS]; Christian Democratic Party [Alf SVENSSON]; Communist Workers' Party [Rolf HAGEL]; Green Party [no formal leader but party spokesperson is Briger SCHLAUG]; Left Party or VP (formerly Communist) [Gudrun SCHYMAN]; Liberal People's Party [Lars LEIJONBORG]; Moderate Party (conservative) [Bo LUNDGREN]; New Democracy Party [Vivianne FRANZEN]; Social Democratic Party [Goran PERSSON]
Political pressure groups and leaders NA NA
Population 2,694,432 (July 2002 est.) 8,875,053 (July 2001 est.)
Population below poverty line 36% (2001 est.) NA%
Population growth rate 1.48% (2002 est.) 0.02% (2001 est.)
Ports and harbors none Gavle, Goteborg, Halmstad, Helsingborg, Hudiksvall, Kalmar, Karlshamn, Malmo, Solvesborg, Stockholm, Sundsvall
Radio broadcast stations AM 7, FM 9, shortwave 4 (2001) AM 1, FM 265, shortwave 1 (1998)
Radios 155,900 (1999) 8.25 million (1997)
Railways 1,815 km


broad gauge: 1,815 km 1.524-m gauge (2001)
total:
12,821 km (includes 3,594 km of privately owned railways)

standard gauge:
12,821 km 1.435-m gauge (7,918 km electrified and 1,152 km double track) (1998)
Religions Tibetan Buddhist Lamaism 96%, Muslim (primarily in the southwest), Shamanism, and Christian 4% (1998) Lutheran 87%, Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Baptist, Muslim, Jewish, Buddhist
Sex ratio at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female


total population: 1 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
at birth:
1.06 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
1.03 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.73 male(s)/female

total population:
0.98 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
Suffrage 18 years of age; universal 18 years of age; universal
Telephone system general assessment: very low density: about 3.5 telephones for each thousand persons


domestic: NA


international: satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean Region)
general assessment:
excellent domestic and international facilities; automatic system

domestic:
coaxial and multiconductor cables carry most of the voice traffic; parallel microwave radio relay systems carry some additional telephone channels

international:
5 submarine coaxial cables; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Sweden shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Norway)
Telephones - main lines in use 104,100 (1999) 6.017 million (December 1998)
Telephones - mobile cellular 110,000 (2001) 3.835 million (October 1998)
Television broadcast stations 4 (plus 18 provincial repeaters and many low powered repeaters) (1999) 169 (plus 1,299 repeaters) (1995)
Terrain vast semidesert and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in south-central mostly flat or gently rolling lowlands; mountains in west
Total fertility rate 2.37 children born/woman (2002 est.) 1.53 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Unemployment rate 20% (2000) 6% (2000 est.)
Waterways 400 km (1999) 2,052 km

note:
navigable for small steamers and barges
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