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Compare Moldova (2001) - Jamaica (2003)

Compare Moldova (2001) z Jamaica (2003)

 Moldova (2001)Jamaica (2003)
 MoldovaJamaica
Administrative divisions 10 juletule (singular - juletul), 1 municipality*, and 1 autonomous territorial unit**; Balti, Cahul, Chisinau, Chisinau*, Dubasari, Edinet, Gagauzia**, Lapusna, Orhei, Soroca, Tighina, Ungheni 14 parishes; Clarendon, Hanover, Kingston, Manchester, Portland, Saint Andrew, Saint Ann, Saint Catherine, Saint Elizabeth, Saint James, Saint Mary, Saint Thomas, Trelawny, Westmoreland
Age structure 0-14 years:
22.44% (male 506,303; female 488,311)

15-64 years:
67.62% (male 1,437,492; female 1,559,090)

65 years and over:
9.94% (male 163,473; female 276,901) (2001 est.)
0-14 years: 28.6% (male 395,074; female 376,870)


15-64 years: 64.5% (male 870,486; female 869,431)


65 years and over: 6.8% (male 82,022; female 101,984) (2003 est.)
Agriculture - products vegetables, fruits, wine, grain, sugar beets, sunflower seed, tobacco; beef, milk sugarcane, bananas, coffee, citrus, potatoes, vegetables; poultry, goats, milk
Airports 30 (2000 est.) 35 (2002)
Airports - with paved runways total:
7

over 3,047 m:
1

2,438 to 3,047 m:
2

1,524 to 2,437 m:
3

under 914 m:
1 (2000 est.)
total: 11


2,438 to 3,047 m: 2


1,524 to 2,437 m: 1


914 to 1,523 m: 3


under 914 m: 5 (2002)
Airports - with unpaved runways total:
23

2,438 to 3,047 m:
4

1,524 to 2,437 m:
1

914 to 1,523 m:
4

under 914 m:
14 (2000 est.)
total: 24


914 to 1,523 m: 2


under 914 m: 22 (2002)
Area total:
33,843 sq km

land:
33,371 sq km

water:
472 sq km
total: 10,991 sq km


land: 10,831 sq km


water: 160 sq km
Area - comparative slightly larger than Maryland slightly smaller than Connecticut
Background Formerly ruled by Romania, Moldova became part of the Soviet Union at the close of World War II. Although independent from the USSR since 1991, Russian forces have remained on Moldovan territory east of the Nistru (Dnister) River supporting the Slavic majority population, mostly Ukrainians and Russians, who have proclaimed a "Transnistria" republic. One of the poorest nations in Europe and plagued by a moribund economy, in 2001 Moldova became the first former Soviet state to elect a communist as its president. Jamaica gained full independence within the British Commonwealth in 1962. Deteriorating economic conditions during the 1970s led to recurrent violence and a dropoff in tourism. Elections in 1980 saw the democratic socialists voted out of office. Subsequent governments have been open market oriented. Political violence marred elections during the 1990s.
Birth rate 13.35 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) 17.35 births/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Budget revenues:
$536 million

expenditures:
$594 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)
revenues: $2.23 billion


expenditures: $2.56 billion, including capital expenditures of $232.5 million (FY 99/00 est.)
Capital Chisinau Kingston
Climate moderate winters, warm summers tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior
Coastline 0 km (landlocked) 1,022 km
Constitution new constitution adopted 28 July 1994; replaces old Soviet constitution of 1979 6 August 1962
Country name conventional long form:
Republic of Moldova

conventional short form:
Moldova

local long form:
Republica Moldova

local short form:
none

former:
Soviet Socialist Republic of Moldova; Moldavia
conventional long form: none


conventional short form: Jamaica
Currency Moldovan leu (MDL) Jamaican dollar (JMD)
Death rate 12.6 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) 5.42 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Debt - external $900 million (2000) $5.3 billion (2002 est.)
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission:
Ambassador Rudolf Vilem PERINA

embassy:
Strada Alexei Mateevicie, #103, Chisinau 2009

mailing address:
use embassy street address; pouch address - American Embassy Chisinau, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-7080

telephone:
[373] (2) 23-37-72

FAX:
[373] (2) 23-30-44
chief of mission: Ambassador Sue McCourt COBB


embassy: Jamaica Mutual Life Center, 2 Oxford Road, 3rd floor, Kingston 5


mailing address: use embassy street address


telephone: [1] (876) 929-4850 through 4859


FAX: [1] (876) 935-6001
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission:
Ambassador Ceslav CIOBANU

chancery:
2101 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:
[1] (202) 667-1130

FAX:
[1] (202) 667-1204
chief of mission: Ambassador Seymour MULLINGS


chancery: 1520 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036


telephone: [1] (202) 452-0660


FAX: [1] (202) 452-0081


consulate(s) general: Miami and New York
Disputes - international separatist Transnistria region, comprising the area between the Nistru (Dniester) River and Ukraine, has its own de facto government, dominated by Moldovan Slavs none
Economic aid - recipient $100.8 million (1995); note - $547 million from the IMF and World Bank (1992-99) NA
Economy - overview Moldova enjoys a favorable climate and good farmland but has no major mineral deposits. As a result, the economy depends heavily on agriculture, featuring fruits, vegetables, wine, and tobacco. Moldova must import all of its supplies of oil, coal, and natural gas, largely from Russia. Energy shortages contributed to sharp production declines after the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. As part of an ambitious reform effort, Moldova introduced a convertible currency, freed all prices, stopped issuing preferential credits to state enterprises, backed steady land privatization, removed export controls, and freed interest rates. Yet these efforts could not offset the impact of political and economic difficulties, both internal and regional. In 1998, the economic troubles of Russia, by far Moldova's leading trade partner, were a major cause of the 8.6% drop in GDP. In 1999, GDP fell again, by 4.4%, the fifth drop in the past seven years; exports were down, and energy supplies continued to be erratic. GDP declined slightly in 2000, with a serious drought hurting agriculture. Growth should turn positive in 2001. The economy, which depends heavily on tourism and bauxite, has been stagnant since 1995. After five years of recession, the economy inched ahead, by 0.8% in 2000, 1.7% in 2001, and 0.8% in 2002; the global economic slowdown, particularly in the United States after the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks, has stunted the economic recovery. Serious problems include: high interest rates; increased foreign competition; a pressured, sometimes sliding, exchange rate; a widening merchandise trade deficit; and a growing internal debt, the result of government bailouts to various ailing sectors of the economy, particularly the financial sector. Depressed economic conditions have led to increased civil unrest, including serious violent crime. Jamaica's medium-term prospects will depend upon encouraging investment and tourism, maintaining a competitive exchange rate, selling off reacquired firms, and implementing proper fiscal and monetary policies.
Electricity - consumption 5.78 billion kWh (1999) 5.833 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports 0 kWh (1999) 0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports 1.916 billion kWh (1999) 0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - production 4.155 billion kWh (1999) 6.272 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - production by source fossil fuel:
93.62%

hydro:
6.38%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)
fossil fuel: 96.8%


hydro: 1.8%


nuclear: 0%


other: 1.5% (2001)
Elevation extremes lowest point:
Nistru (Dnister) River 2 m

highest point:
Dealul Balanesti 430 m
lowest point: Caribbean Sea 0 m


highest point: Blue Mountain Peak 2,256 m
Environment - current issues heavy use of agricultural chemicals, including banned pesticides such as DDT, has contaminated soil and groundwater; extensive soil erosion from poor farming methods heavy rates of deforestation; coastal waters polluted by industrial waste, sewage, and oil spills; damage to coral reefs; air pollution in Kingston results from vehicle emissions
Environment - international agreements party to:
Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:
Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands


signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Ethnic groups Moldovan/Romanian 64.5%, Ukrainian 13.8%, Russian 13%, Gagauz 3.5%, Jewish 1.5%, Bulgarian 2%, other 1.7% (1989 est.)

note:
internal disputes with ethnic Slavs in the Transnistrian region
black 90.9%, East Indian 1.3%, white 0.2%, Chinese 0.2%, mixed 7.3%, other 0.1%
Exchange rates lei per US dollar - 12.3728 (January 2001), 12.4342 (2000), 10.5158 (1999), 5.3707 (1998), 4.6236 (1997), 4.6045 (1996); note - lei is the plural form of leu Jamaican dollars per US dollar - 48.42 (2002), 46 (2001), 42.7 (2000), 39.04 (1999), 36.55 (1998)
Executive branch chief of state:
President Vladimir VORONIN (since 4 April 2001)

head of government:
Prime Minister Vasile TARLEV (since 15 April 2001), three Deputy Prime Ministers: Valerian CRISTEA, Andrei CUCU, and Dmitri TODOROGLO (all since 19 April 2001)

cabinet:
selected by prime minister, subject to approval of Parliament

elections:
president elected by Parliament for a four-year term; election last held 4 April 2001; presidential elections were scheduled for December 2000, but in July 2000, Parliament canceled direct popular elections; Parliament's failure to chose a new president in December 2000 led to early parliamentary elections (moved up a year to February 2001); according to the Moldovan constitution, the president, on consulting with Parliament, will designate a candidate for the office of prime minister; within 15 days from designation, the prime minister-designate will request a vote of confidence from the Parliament regarding his/her work program and entire cabinet; prime minister designated on 15 April 2001, cabinet received vote of confidence on 19 April 2001

election results:
Vladimir VORONIN elected president; parliamentary votes - Vladimir VORONIN 71, Dumitru BRAGHIS 15, Valerian CHRISTEA 3; Vasile TARLEV elected Prime Minister; parliamentary votes of confidence - 75 of 101
chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir Howard Felix COOKE (since 1 August 1991)


head of government: Prime Minister Percival James PATTERSON (since 30 March 1992)


cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister


elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor general appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the prime minister; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition in the House of Representatives is appointed prime minister by the governor general; the deputy prime minister is recommended by the prime minister
Exports $500 million (f.o.b., 2000) NA (2001)
Exports - commodities foodstuffs 57%, wine, tobacco; textiles and footwear, machinery (1999) alumina, bauxite; sugar, bananas, rum
Exports - partners Russia 41%, Romania 9%, Germany 8%, Ukraine 7%, Italy, Belarus (1999) US 28.1%, Canada 12.2%, Norway 10.7%, UK 10.5%, Germany 7%, Netherlands 5.6% (2002)
Fiscal year calendar year 1 April - 31 March
Flag description same color scheme as Romania - three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; emblem in center of flag is of a Roman eagle of gold outlined in black with a red beak and talons carrying a yellow cross in its beak and a green olive branch in its right talons and a yellow scepter in its left talons; on its breast is a shield divided horizontally red over blue with a stylized ox head, star, rose, and crescent all in black-outlined yellow diagonal yellow cross divides the flag into four triangles - green (top and bottom) and black (hoist side and outer side)
GDP purchasing power parity - $11.3 billion (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $10.08 billion (2002 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture:
31%

industry:
35%

services:
34% (1998)
agriculture: 6%


industry: 31%


services: 63% (2002 est.)
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $2,500 (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $3,800 (2002 est.)
GDP - real growth rate -1.5% (2000 est.) 1% (2002 est.)
Geographic coordinates 47 00 N, 29 00 E 18 15 N, 77 30 W
Geography - note landlocked strategic location between Cayman Trench and Jamaica Channel, the main sea lanes for the Panama Canal
Highways total:
20,000 km

paved:
13,900 km (these roads are said to be hard-surfaced, and include, in addition to conventionally paved roads, some that are surfaced with gravel or other coarse aggregate, making them trafficable in all weather)

unpaved:
6,100 km (these roads are made of unstabilized earth and are difficult to negotiate in wet weather) (1990)
total: 18,700 km


paved: 13,109 km


unpaved: 5,591 km (1999 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%:
2.7%

highest 10%:
25.8% (1992)
lowest 10%: 2.7%


highest 10%: 30.3% (2000)
Illicit drugs limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly for CIS consumption; transshipment point for illicit drugs from Southwest Asia via Central Asia to Russia, Western Europe, and possibly the US major transshipment point for cocaine from South America to North America and Europe; illicit cultivation of cannabis; government has an active manual cannabis eradication program; corruption is a major concern; substantial money-laundering activity; Colombian narcotics traffickers favor Jamaica for illicit financial transactions
Imports $761 million (f.o.b., 2000) NA (2001)
Imports - commodities mineral products and fuel 38%, machinery and equipment, chemicals, textiles (1999) machinery and transport equipment, construction materials, fuel, food, chemicals, fertilizers
Imports - partners Russia 21%, Romania 16%, Ukraine 14%, Germany 12%, Italy 6%, Belarus (1999) US 45%, Trinidad and Tobago 11%, Japan 4.7% (2002)
Independence 27 August 1991 (from Soviet Union) 6 August 1962 (from UK)
Industrial production growth rate 3% (2000 est.) -2% (2000 est.)
Industries food processing, agricultural machinery, foundry equipment, refrigerators and freezers, washing machines, hosiery, sugar, vegetable oil, shoes, textiles tourism, bauxite, textiles, food processing, light manufactures, rum, cement, metal, paper, chemical products
Infant mortality rate 42.74 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) total: 13.26 deaths/1,000 live births


male: 14.3 deaths/1,000 live births


female: 12.17 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 32% (2000 est.) 7% (2002 est.)
International organization participation ACCT, BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CEI, CIS, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (correspondent), ITU, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer) ACP, C, Caricom, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LAES, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 2 (1999) 21 (2000)
Irrigated land 3,110 sq km (1993 est.) 250 sq km (1998 est.)
Judicial branch Supreme Court; Constitutional Court (the sole authority for constitutional judicature) Supreme Court (judges appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister); Court of Appeal
Labor force 1.7 million (1998) 1.13 million (1998)
Labor force - by occupation agriculture 40%, industry 14%, other 46% (1998) services 60%, agriculture 21%, industry 19% (1998)
Land boundaries total:
1,389 km

border countries:
Romania 450 km, Ukraine 939 km
0 km
Land use arable land:
53%

permanent crops:
14%

permanent pastures:
13%

forests and woodland:
13%

other:
7% (1993 est.)
arable land: 16.07%


permanent crops: 9.23%


other: 74.7% (1998 est.)
Languages Moldovan (official, virtually the same as the Romanian language), Russian, Gagauz (a Turkish dialect) English, patois English
Legal system based on civil law system; Constitutional Court reviews legality of legislative acts and governmental decisions of resolution; it is unclear if Moldova accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction but accepts many UN and Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) documents based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch unicameral Parliament or Parlamentul (101 seats; parties and electoral blocs, as well as independent candidates, elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections:
last held 25 February 2001 (next to be held NA 2005)

election results:
percent of vote by party - PCM 50.1%, Braghis Alliance 13.4%, PPCD 8.2%, other parties 28.3%; seats by party - PCM 71, Braghis Alliance 19, PPCD 11
bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (a 21-member body appointed by the governor general on the recommendations of the prime minister and the leader of the opposition; ruling party is allocated 13 seats, and the opposition is allocated eight seats) and the House of Representatives (60 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)


elections: last held 16 October 2002 (next to be held NA October 2007)


election results: percent of vote by party - PNP 52%, JLP 47.3%; seats by party - PNP 34, JLP 26
Life expectancy at birth total population:
64.6 years

male:
60.15 years

female:
69.26 years (2001 est.)
total population: 75.85 years


male: 73.84 years


female: 77.97 years (2003 est.)
Literacy definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
96%

male:
99%

female:
94% (1989 est.)
definition: age 15 and over has ever attended school


total population: 87.9%


male: 84.1%


female: 91.6% (2003 est.)
Location Eastern Europe, northeast of Romania Caribbean, island in the Caribbean Sea, south of Cuba
Map references Commonwealth of Independent States Central America and the Caribbean
Maritime claims none (landlocked) measured from claimed archipelagic baselines


contiguous zone: 24 NM


continental shelf: 200 NM or to edge of the continental margin


exclusive economic zone: 200 NM


territorial sea: 12 NM
Merchant marine - total: 5 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 50,536 GRT/62,868 DWT


ships by type: bulk 1, petroleum tanker 1, refrigerated cargo 2, short-sea passenger 1


note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Latvia 2, US 2 (2002 est.)
Military branches Ground Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops) Jamaica Defense Force (including Ground Forces, Coast Guard, and Air Wing), Jamaica Constabulary Force
Military expenditures - dollar figure $6 million (FY99) $30 million (FY95/96 est.)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 1% (FY99) NA%
Military manpower - availability males age 15-49:
1,164,018 (2001 est.)
males age 15-49: 755,698 (2003 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service males age 15-49:
921,210 (2001 est.)
males age 15-49: 528,689 (2003 est.)
Military manpower - military age 18 years of age 18 years of age (2003 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually males:
42,268 (2001 est.)
males: 27,398 (2003 est.)
National holiday Independence Day, 27 August (1991) Independence Day, first Monday in August (1962)
Nationality noun:
Moldovan(s)

adjective:
Moldovan
noun: Jamaican(s)


adjective: Jamaican
Natural hazards landslides (57 cases in 1998) hurricanes (especially July to November)
Natural resources lignite, phosphorites, gypsum, arable land bauxite, gypsum, limestone
Net migration rate -0.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) -5.78 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Pipelines natural gas 310 km (1992) petroleum products 10 km
Political parties and leaders Braghis Alliance [Dumitru BRAGHIS]; Popular Christian Democratic Party or PPCD [Iurie ROSCA]; Communist Party or PCM [Vladimir VORONIN, first chairman] Jamaica Labor Party or JLP [Edward SEAGA]; National Democratic Movement or NDM [Bruce GOLDING]; People's National Party or PNP [Percival James PATTERSON]
Political pressure groups and leaders NA New Beginnings Movement or NBM; Rastafarians (black religious/racial cultists, pan-Africanists)
Population 4,431,570 (July 2001 est.) 2,695,867 (July 2003 est.)
Population below poverty line 75% (1999 est.) 34.2% (1992 est.)
Population growth rate 0.05% (2001 est.) 0.61% (2003 est.)
Ports and harbors none Alligator Pond, Discovery Bay, Kingston, Montego Bay, Ocho Rios, Port Antonio, Rocky Point, Port Esquivel (Longswharf)
Radio broadcast stations AM 7, FM 50, shortwave 3 (1998) AM 10, FM 13, shortwave 0 (1998)
Radios 3.22 million (1997) -
Railways total:
1,328 km

broad gauge:
1,328 km 1.520-m gauge (1992)
total: 272 km


standard gauge: 272 km 1.435-m gauge; note - 207 km, belonging to the Jamaica Railway Corporation, were in common carrier service but are no longer operational; the remaining track is privately owned and used to transport bauxite (2002)
Religions Eastern Orthodox 98.5%, Jewish 1.5%, Baptist (only about 1,000 members) (1991) Protestant 61.3% (Church of God 21.2%, Baptist 8.8%, Anglican 5.5%, Seventh-Day Adventist 9%, Pentecostal 7.6%, Methodist 2.7%, United Church 2.7%, Brethren 1.1%, Jehovah's Witness 1.6%, Moravian 1.1%), Roman Catholic 4%, other, including some spiritual cults 34.7%
Sex ratio at birth:
1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
0.92 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.59 male(s)/female

total population:
0.91 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.8 male(s)/female


total population: 1 male(s)/female (2003 est.)
Suffrage 18 years of age; universal 18 years of age; universal
Telephone system general assessment:
inadequate, outmoded, poor service outside Chisinau, some effort to modernize is under way

domestic:
new subscribers face long wait for service; mobile cellular telephone service being introduced

international:
service through Romania and Russia via landline; satellite earth stations - Intelsat, Eutelsat, and Intersputnik
general assessment: fully automatic domestic telephone network


domestic: NA


international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); 3 coaxial submarine cables
Telephones - main lines in use 627,000 (1997) 353,000 (1996)
Telephones - mobile cellular 2,200 (1997) 54,640 (1996)
Television broadcast stations 1 (plus 30 repeaters) (1995) 7 (1997)
Terrain rolling steppe, gradual slope south to Black Sea mostly mountains, with narrow, discontinuous coastal plain
Total fertility rate 1.67 children born/woman (2001 est.) 2.01 children born/woman (2003 est.)
Unemployment rate 1.9% (includes only officially registered unemployed; large numbers of underemployed workers) (November 2000) 15.4% (2002 est.)
Waterways 424 km (1994) none
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