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Compare Madagascar (2002) - Singapore (2002)

Compare Madagascar (2002) z Singapore (2002)

 Madagascar (2002)Singapore (2002)
 MadagascarSingapore
Administrative divisions 6 provinces (faritany); Antananarivo, Antsiranana, Fianarantsoa, Mahajanga, Toamasina, Toliara none
Age structure 0-14 years: 45% (male 3,713,700; female 3,696,478)


15-64 years: 51.8% (male 4,227,931; female 4,313,940)


65 years and over: 3.2% (male 241,699; female 279,729) (2002 est.)
0-14 years: 17.6% (male 404,212; female 378,660)


15-64 years: 75.3% (male 1,630,696; female 1,724,532)


65 years and over: 7.1% (male 137,512; female 177,120) (2002 est.)
Agriculture - products coffee, vanilla, sugarcane, cloves, cocoa, rice, cassava (tapioca), beans, bananas, peanuts; livestock products rubber, copra, fruit, orchids, vegetables; poultry, eggs, fish, ornamental fish
Airports 130 (2001) 9 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways total: 29


over 3,047 m: 1


2,438 to 3,047 m: 2


1,524 to 2,437 m: 4


914 to 1,523 m: 20


under 914 m: 2 (2002)
total: 9


over 3,047 m: 2


2,438 to 3,047 m: 1


1,524 to 2,437 m: 4


914 to 1,523 m: 1


under 914 m: 1 (2002)
Airports - with unpaved runways total: 92


1,524 to 2,437 m: 2


914 to 1,523 m: 46


under 914 m: 44 (2002)
-
Area total: 587,040 sq km


land: 581,540 sq km


water: 5,500 sq km
total: 692.7 sq km


land: 682.7 sq km


water: 10 sq km
Area - comparative slightly less than twice the size of Arizona slightly more than 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Background Formerly an independent kingdom, Madagascar became a French colony in 1886, but regained its independence in 1960. During 1992-93, free presidential and National Assembly elections were held, ending 17 years of single-party rule. In 1997, in the second presidential race, Didier RATSIRAKA, the leader during the 1970s and 1980s, was returned to the presidency. The 2001 presidential election was contested between the followers of Didier RATSIRAKA and Marc RAVALOMANANA, nearly causing secession of half of the country. In April 2002 the High Constitutional Court announced RAVALOMANANA the winner. Founded as a British trading colony in 1819, Singapore joined Malaysia in 1963, but withdrew two years later and became independent. It subsequently became one of the world's most prosperous countries, with strong international trading links (its port is one of the world's busiest) and with per capita GDP equal to that of the leading nations of Western Europe.
Birth rate 42.41 births/1,000 population (2002 est.) 12.78 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Budget revenues: $553 million


expenditures: $735 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)
revenues: $27.9 billion


expenditures: $19.5 billion, including capital expenditures of $5.4 billion
Capital Antananarivo Singapore
Climate tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south tropical; hot, humid, rainy; two distinct monsoon seasons - Northeastern monsoon from December to March and Southwestern monsoon from June to September; inter-monsoon - frequent afternoon and early evening thunderstorms
Coastline 4,828 km 193 km
Constitution 19 August 1992 by national referendum 3 June 1959, amended 1965 (based on preindependence State of Singapore Constitution)
Country name conventional long form: Republic of Madagascar


conventional short form: Madagascar


local long form: Republique de Madagascar


local short form: Madagascar


former: Malagasy Republic
conventional long form: Republic of Singapore


conventional short form: Singapore
Currency Malagasy franc (MGF) Singapore dollar (SGD)
Death rate 12.15 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.) 4.28 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Debt - external $4.5 billion (2000) $8.3 billion (2001 est.)
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission: Ambassador Wanda L. NESBITT


embassy: 14-16 Rue Rainitovo, Antsahavola, Antananarivo 101


mailing address: B. P. 620, Antsahavola, Antananarivo


telephone: [261] (20) 22-212-57, 22-212-73, 22-209-56


FAX: [261] (20) 22-345-39
chief of mission: Ambassador Franklin L. LAVIN


embassy: 27 Napier Road, Singapore 258508


mailing address: PSC Box 470, FPO AP 96534-0001


telephone: [65] 6476-9100


FAX: [65] 6476-9232
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission: Ambassador Zina ANDRIANARIVELO-RAZAFY


chancery: 2374 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008


telephone: [1] (202) 265-5525, 5526


FAX: [1] (202) 483-7603


consulate(s) general: New York
chief of mission: Ambassador Heng Chee CHAN


chancery: 3501 International Place NW, Washington, DC 20008


telephone: [1] (202) 537-3100


FAX: [1] (202) 537-0876


consulate(s) general: San Francisco


consulate(s): New York
Disputes - international claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island, and Tromelin Island (all administered by France) Singapore and Malaysia are considering taking the unresolved dispute over Pulau Batu Putih (Pedra Branca Island) to ICJ; Malaysia concerned over Singapore's land reclamation works on Johor, which affects the maritime boundary, shipping lanes, and water ecology in the Tebrau Reach
Economic aid - recipient $838 million (1997) (1997) $NA
Economy - overview Madagascar faces problems of chronic malnutrition, underfunded health and education facilities, a roughly 3% annual population growth rate, and severe loss of forest cover, accompanied by erosion. Agriculture, including fishing and forestry, is the mainstay of the economy, accounting for one-third of GDP and contributing more than 70% to export earnings. Industry features textile manufacturing and the processing of agricultural products. Growth in output in 1992-97 averaged less than the growth rate of the population. Growth has been held back by antigovernment strikes and demonstrations, a decline in world coffee prices, and the erratic commitment of the government to economic reform. The extent of government reforms, outside financial aid, and foreign investment will be key determinants of future growth. Singapore, a highly developed and successful free-market economy, enjoys a remarkably open and corruption-free environment, stable prices, and one of the highest per capita GDPs in the world. The economy depends heavily on exports, particularly in electronics and manufacturing, and was hard hit in 2001 by the global recession and the slump in the technology sector. In 2001, GDP contracted by 2.2%. The economy is expected to recover in 2002 in response to improvements in the US economy, and GDP growth for 2002 is projected to be 3% to 4%. In the longer term the government hopes to establish a new growth path that will be less vulnerable to the external business cycle than the current export-led model, but is unlikely to abandon efforts to establish Singapore as Southeast Asia's financial and high-tech hub.
Electricity - consumption 762.6 million kWh (2000) 25.947 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - exports 0 kWh (2000) 0 kWh (2000)
Electricity - imports 0 kWh (2000) 0 kWh (2000)
Electricity - production 820 million kWh (2000) 27.9 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - production by source fossil fuel: 37%


hydro: 63%


nuclear: 0%


other: 0% (2000)
fossil fuel: 100%


hydro: 0%


nuclear: 0%


other: 0% (2000)
Elevation extremes lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m


highest point: Maromokotro 2,876 m
lowest point: Singapore Strait 0 m


highest point: Bukit Timah 166 m
Environment - current issues soil erosion results from deforestation and overgrazing; desertification; surface water contaminated with raw sewage and other organic wastes; several species of flora and fauna unique to the island are endangered industrial pollution; limited natural fresh water resources; limited land availability presents waste disposal problems; seasonal smoke/haze resulting from forest fires in Indonesia
Environment - international agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands


signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution


signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Ethnic groups Malayo-Indonesian (Merina and related Betsileo), Cotiers (mixed African, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry - Betsimisaraka, Tsimihety, Antaisaka, Sakalava), French, Indian, Creole, Comoran Chinese 76.7%, Malay 14%, Indian 7.9%, other 1.4%
Exchange rates Malagasy francs per US dollar - 6,531.4 (December 2001), 6,588.5 (2001), 6,767.5 (2000), 6,283.8 (1999), 5,441.4 (1998), 5,090.9 (1997) Singapore dollars per US dollar - 1.8388 (January 2002), 1.7917 (2001), 1.7240 (2000), 1.6950 (1999), 1.6736 (1998), 1.4848 (1997)
Executive branch chief of state: President Marc RAVALOMANANA (since 6 May 2002)


head of government: Prime Minister Jacques SYLLA (27 May 2002)


cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister


elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 16 December 2001 (next to be held NA November 2006); prime minister appointed by the president from a list of candidates nominated by the National Assembly


election results: percent of vote - Didier RATSIRAKA (AREMA) 40.89%, Marc RAVALOMANANA 46.21%; note - on 29 April 2002, the High Constitutional Court announced RAVALOMANANA the winner by 51.5% after a recount; RATSIRIKA's prime minister was put under house arrest on 27 May 2002, and SYLLA was appointed the new prime minister by President RAVALOMANANA
chief of state: President Sellapan Rama (S. R.) NATHAN (since 1 September 1999)


head of government: Prime Minister Chok Tong GOH (since 28 November 1990) and Deputy Prime Ministers Brig. Gen. (Ret.) Hsien Loong LEE (since 28 November 1990) and Keng Yam Tony TAN (since 1 August 1995)


cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president, responsible to Parliament


elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term; election last held 28 August 1999 (next to be held by August 2005); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the president; deputy prime ministers appointed by the president


election results: Sellapan Rama (S. R.) NATHAN elected president unopposed
Exports $680 million f.o.b. (2000) $122 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.)
Exports - commodities coffee, vanilla, shellfish, sugar; cotton cloth, chromite, petroleum products machinery and equipment (including electronics), consumer goods, chemicals, mineral fuels
Exports - partners France 41%, US 21%, Germany 7%, Japan 4%, UK 1% (2000) Malaysia 18%, US 17%, Hong Kong 8%, Japan 7.5%, Taiwan 6%, Thailand 4.3%, China 4%, South Korea 3.6%, Germany 3%, Netherlands 3% (2000)
Fiscal year calendar year 1 April - 31 March
Flag description two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and green with a vertical white band of the same width on hoist side two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; near the hoist side of the red band, there is a vertical, white crescent (closed portion is toward the hoist side) partially enclosing five white five-pointed stars arranged in a circle
GDP purchasing power parity - $14 billion (2001 est.) purchasing power parity - $106.3 billion (2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture: 34%


industry: 11%


services: 55% (1999 est.)
agriculture: NEGL%


industry: 33%


services: 67% (2001 est.)
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $870 (2001 est.) purchasing power parity - $24,700 (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate 5% (2001 est.) -2.2% (2001 est.)
Geographic coordinates 20 00 S, 47 00 E 1 22 N, 103 48 E
Geography - note world's fourth-largest island; strategic location along Mozambique Channel focal point for Southeast Asian sea routes
Highways total: 49,837 km


paved: 5,781 km


unpaved: 44,056 km (1996)
total: 3,150 km


paved: 3,066 km (including 150 km of expressways)


unpaved: 84 km (2000)
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%: 2%


highest 10%: 37% (1997)
lowest 10%: NA%


highest 10%: NA%
Illicit drugs illicit producer of cannabis (cultivated and wild varieties) used mostly for domestic consumption; transshipment point for heroin as a transportation and financial services hub, Singapore is vulnerable, despite strict laws and enforcement, to use as a transit point for Golden Triangle heroin and as a venue for money laundering
Imports $919 million f.o.b. (2000) $116 billion (2001 est.)
Imports - commodities intermediate manufactures, capital goods, petroleum, consumer goods, food machinery and equipment, mineral fuels, chemicals, foodstuffs
Imports - partners France 38%, Hong Kong 10%, China 5%, Singapore 5%, Japan 3% Japan 17%, Malaysia 17%, US 15%, China 5%, Taiwan 4.4%, Thailand 4.3%, South Korea 3.6%, Saudi Arabia 3% (2000)
Independence 26 June 1960 (from France) 9 August 1965 (from Malaysia)
Industrial production growth rate 3% (2000 est.) -17.5% (2001 est.)
Industries meat processing, soap, breweries, tanneries, sugar, textiles, glassware, cement, automobile assembly plant, paper, petroleum, tourism electronics, chemicals, financial services, oil drilling equipment, petroleum refining, rubber processing and rubber products, processed food and beverages, ship repair, entrepot trade, biotechnology
Infant mortality rate 81.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.) 3.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 7% (2001 est.) 1.5% (2001 est.)
International organization participation ACCT, ACP, AfDB, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, InOC, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO APEC, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, BIS, C, CCC, CP, ESCAP, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OPCW, PCA, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNIKOM, UNMEE, UNTAET, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTrO
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 2 (2000) 9 (2000)
Irrigated land 10,900 sq km (1998 est.) NA sq km
Judicial branch Supreme Court or Cour Supreme; High Constitutional Court or Haute Cour Constitutionnelle Supreme Court (chief justice is appointed by the president with the advice of the prime minister, other judges are appointed by the president with the advice of the chief justice); Court of Appeals
Labor force 7 million (1999) (1999) 2.19 million (2000)
Labor force - by occupation - financial, business, and other services 35%, manufacturing 21%, construction 13%, transportation and communication 9%, other 22%
Land boundaries 0 km 0 km
Land use arable land: 4.41%


permanent crops: 0.93%


other: 94.66% (1998 est.)
arable land: 1.64%


permanent crops: 0%


other: 98.36% (1998 est.)
Languages French (official), Malagasy (official) Chinese (official), Malay (official and national), Tamil (official), English (official)
Legal system based on French civil law system and traditional Malagasy law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (160 seats; members are directly elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms); note - the legislature is scheduled to become a bicameral Parliament with the establishment of a Senate; two-thirds of the seats of this Senate will be filled by regional assemblies whose members will be elected by popular vote; the remaining one-third of the seats will be appointed by the president; the total number of seats will be determined by the National Assembly; all members will serve four-year terms


elections: National Assembly - last held 15 December 2002 (next to be held NA 2006)


election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - TIM 103, FP 22, AREMA 3, LEADER/Fanilo 2, RPSD 5, TTS 2, HBM 1, independents 22
unicameral Parliament (84 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms); note - in addition, there are up to nine nominated members; the losing opposition candidate who came closet to winning a seat may be appointed as a "nonconstituency" member


elections: last held 3 November 2001 (next to be held 25 June 2007)


election results: percent of vote by party - PAP 75.3% (in contested constituencies), other 24.7%; seats by party - PAP 82, WP 1, SDA 1
Life expectancy at birth total population: 55.74 years


male: 53.45 years


female: 58.11 years (2002 est.)
total population: 80.29 years


male: 77.34 years


female: 83.47 years (2002 est.)
Literacy definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 80%


male: 88%


female: 73% (1990 est.)
definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 93.5%


male: 97%


female: 89.8% (1999)
Location Southern Africa, island in the Indian Ocean, east of Mozambique Southeastern Asia, islands between Malaysia and Indonesia
Map references Africa Southeast Asia
Maritime claims contiguous zone: 24 NM


continental shelf: 200 NM or 100 NM from the 2,500-m deep isobath


exclusive economic zone: 200 NM


territorial sea: 12 NM
exclusive fishing zone: within and beyond territorial sea, as defined in treaties and practice


territorial sea: 3 NM
Merchant marine total: 15 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 27,199 GRT/37,462 DWT


ships by type: cargo 9, chemical tanker 1, liquefied gas 1, petroleum tanker 2, roll on/roll off 2 (2002 est.)
total: 876 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 20,686,612 GRT/32,647,743 DWT


ships by type: bulk 131, cargo 100, chemical tanker 81, combination bulk 10, combination ore/oil 6, container 168, liquefied gas 35, livestock carrier 2, multi-functional large-load carrier 1, petroleum tanker 287, refrigerated cargo 6, roll on/roll off 5, short-sea passenger 1, specialized tanker 11, vehicle carrier 32


note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Australia 7, Belgium 6, China 12, Denmark 27, Germany 17, Greece 4, Hong Kong 44, Indonesia 8, Japan 52, Malaysia 4, Monaco 22, Netherlands 2, Norway 42, Philippines 6, Russia 3, Slovenia 1, South Korea 10, Sweden 13, Switzerland 7, Taiwan 46, Tanzania 2, Thailand 22, United Arab Emirates 4, United Kingdom 14, United States 1 (2002 est.)
Military branches People's Armed Forces (comprising Intervention Force, Development Force, Aeronaval [Navy and Air] Force), Gendarmerie, Presidential Security Regiment Army, Navy, Air Force, People's Defense Force, Police Force
Military expenditures - dollar figure $48.7 million (FY01) $4.47 billion (FY01/02 est.)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 1.2% (FY01) 4.9% (FY01/02)
Military manpower - availability males age 15-49: 3,758,940 (2002 est.) males age 15-49: 1,354,857 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service males age 15-49: 2,229,304 (2002 est.) males age 15-49: 986,101 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - military age 20 years of age (2002 est.) -
Military manpower - reaching military age annually males: 153,856 (2002 est.) -
National holiday Independence Day, 26 June (1960) Independence Day, 9 August (1965)
Nationality noun: Malagasy (singular and plural)


adjective: Malagasy
noun: Singaporean(s)


adjective: Singapore
Natural hazards periodic cyclones NA
Natural resources graphite, chromite, coal, bauxite, salt, quartz, tar sands, semiprecious stones, mica, fish, hydropower fish, deepwater ports
Net migration rate 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.) 26.11 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Political parties and leaders Action, Truth, Development, and Harmony or AFFA [Professor Albert ZAFY]; Association for the Rebirth of Madagascar or AREMA [leader vacant]; Congress Party for Malagasy Independence or AKFM/Fanavaozana [leader NA]; Economic Liberalism and Democratic Action for National Recovery or LEADER/Fanilo [Herizo RAZAFIMAHALEO]; Fihaonana Rally or Fihaonana [Guy RAZANAMASY]; Group of Reflection and Action for the Development of Madagascar or GRAD/Iloafo; Judged by Your Work or AVI [Norbert RATSIRAHONANA]; Movement for the Progress of Madagascar or MFM [Manandafy RAKOTONIRINA]; Renewal of the Social Democratic Party or RPSD [Evariste MARSON]; Tranobe (Big House) [Ny Hasina ANDRIAMANJATO] Democratic Progressive Party or DPP [leader NA]; People's Action Party or PAP [Chok Tong GOH, secretary general] - the governing party; Singapore Democratic Alliance or SDA [CHIAM See Tong] (includes Singapore People's Party or SPP [CHIAM See Tong], Singapore Democratic Party or SDP [CHEE Soon Juan], National Solidarity Party [leader NA], Singapore Justice Party [leader NA], and Singapore Malay National Organization [leader NA]); Workers' Party or WP [J. B. JEYARETNAM]
Political pressure groups and leaders Federalist Movement; National Council of Christian Churches or FFKM NA
Population 16,473,477 (July 2002 est.) 4,452,732 (July 2002 est.)
Population below poverty line 70% (1994 est.) NA%
Population growth rate 3.03% (2002 est.) 3.46% (2002 est.)
Ports and harbors Antsiranana, Antsohimbondrona, Mahajanga, Toamasina, Toliara Singapore
Radio broadcast stations AM 2 (plus a number of repeater stations), FM 9, shortwave 6 (2001) AM 0, FM 16, shortwave 2 (1998)
Radios 3.05 million (1997) 2.6 million (2000)
Railways total: 893 km


narrow gauge: 893 km 1.000-m gauge (2001)
total: 38.6 km


narrow gauge: 38.6 km 1.000-m gauge


note: there is also a 83 km mass transit system with 48 stations
Religions indigenous beliefs 52%, Christian 41%, Muslim 7% Buddhist (Chinese), Muslim (Malays), Christian, Hindu, Sikh, Taoist, Confucianist
Sex ratio at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.86 male(s)/female


total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
at birth: 1.08 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 0.95 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female


total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Suffrage 18 years of age; universal 21 years of age; universal and compulsory
Telephone system general assessment: system is above average for the region


domestic: open-wire lines, coaxial cables, microwave radio relay, and tropospheric scatter links connect regions


international: submarine cable to Bahrain; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region)
general assessment: major consideration given to serving business interests; excellent international service


domestic: excellent domestic facilities


international: submarine cables to Malaysia (Sabah and Peninsular Malaysia), Indonesia, and the Philippines; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean), and 1 Inmarsat (Pacific Ocean region)
Telephones - main lines in use 55,000 (2000) 1.95 million (2000)
Telephones - mobile cellular 63,100 (2000) 2.74 million (2000)
Television broadcast stations 1 (plus 36 repeaters) (2001) 6 (2000)
Terrain narrow coastal plain, high plateau and mountains in center lowland; gently undulating central plateau contains water catchment area and nature preserve
Total fertility rate 5.77 children born/woman (2002 est.) 1.23 children born/woman (2002 est.)
Unemployment rate NA% 4.7% (2001 est.)
Waterways note: of local importance only none
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