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Compare Hungary (2001) - Ghana (2001)

Compare Hungary (2001) z Ghana (2001)

 Hungary (2001)Ghana (2001)
 HungaryGhana
Administrative divisions 19 counties (megyek, singular - megye), 20 urban counties* (singular - megyei varos), and 1 capital city** (fovaros); Bacs-Kiskun, Baranya, Bekes, Bekescsaba*, Borsod-Abauj-Zemplen, Budapest**, Csongrad, Debrecen*, Dunaujvaros*, Eger*, Fejer, Gyor*, Gyor-Moson-Sopron, Hajdu-Bihar, Heves, Hodmezovasarhely*, Jasz-Nagykun-Szolnok, Kaposvar*, Kecskemet*, Komarom-Esztergom, Miskolc*, Nagykanizsa*, Nograd, Nyiregyhaza*, Pecs*, Pest, Somogy, Sopron*, Szabolcs-Szatmar-Bereg, Szeged*, Szekesfehervar*, Szolnok*, Szombathely*, Tatabanya*, Tolna, Vas, Veszprem, Veszprem*, Zala, Zalaegerszeg* 10 regions; Ashanti, Brong-Ahafo, Central, Eastern, Greater Accra, Northern, Upper East, Upper West, Volta, Western
Age structure 0-14 years:
16.63% (male 862,468; female 818,052)

15-64 years:
68.66% (male 3,406,717; female 3,532,008)

65 years and over:
14.71% (male 546,992; female 939,780) (2001 est.)
0-14 years:
41.18% (male 4,123,317; female 4,068,786)

15-64 years:
55.35% (male 5,455,577; female 5,555,278)

65 years and over:
3.47% (male 328,809; female 362,247) (2001 est.)
Agriculture - products wheat, corn, sunflower seed, potatoes, sugar beets; pigs, cattle, poultry, dairy products cocoa, rice, coffee, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, corn, shea nuts, bananas; timber
Airports 43 (2000 est.) 12 (2000 est.)
Airports - with paved runways total:
16

over 3,047 m:
2

2,438 to 3,047 m:
8

1,524 to 2,437 m:
4

914 to 1,523 m:
1

under 914 m:
1 (2000 est.)
total:
6

2,438 to 3,047 m:
1

1,524 to 2,437 m:
3

914 to 1,523 m:
2 (2000 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways total:
27

2,438 to 3,047 m:
3

1,524 to 2,437 m:
4

914 to 1,523 m:
12

under 914 m:
8 (2000 est.)
total:
6

1,524 to 2,437 m:
1

914 to 1,523 m:
3

under 914 m:
2 (2000 est.)
Area total:
93,030 sq km

land:
92,340 sq km

water:
690 sq km
total:
238,540 sq km

land:
230,020 sq km

water:
8,520 sq km
Area - comparative slightly smaller than Indiana slightly smaller than Oregon
Background Hungary was part of the polyglot Austro-Hungarian Empire, which collapsed during World War I. The country fell under communist rule following World War II. In 1956, a revolt and announced withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact were met with a massive military intervention by Moscow. In the more open GORBACHEV years, Hungary led the movement to dissolve the Warsaw Pact and steadily shifted toward multiparty democracy and a market-oriented economy. Following the collapse of the USSR in 1991, Hungary developed close political and economic ties to Western Europe. It joined NATO in 1999 and is a frontrunner in a future expansion of the EU. Formed from the merger of the British colony of the Gold Coast and the Togoland trust territory, Ghana in 1957 became the first country in colonial Africa to gain its independence. A long series of coups resulted in the suspension of the constitution in 1981 and the banning of political parties. A new constitution, restoring multiparty politics, was approved in 1992. Lt. Jerry RAWLINGS, head of state since 1981, won presidential elections in 1992 and 1996, but was constitutionally prevented from running for a third term in 2000. He was succeeded by John KUFUOR.
Birth rate 9.32 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) 28.95 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Budget revenues:
$13 billion

expenditures:
$14.4 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2000 est.)
revenues:
$1.39 billion

expenditures:
$1.47 billion, including capital expenditures of $370 million (1996 est.)
Capital Budapest Accra
Climate temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north
Coastline 0 km (landlocked) 539 km
Constitution 18 August 1949, effective 20 August 1949, revised 19 April 1972; 18 October 1989 revision ensured legal rights for individuals and constitutional checks on the authority of the prime minister and also established the principle of parliamentary oversight; 1997 amendment streamlined the judicial system new constitution approved 28 April 1992
Country name conventional long form:
Republic of Hungary

conventional short form:
Hungary

local long form:
Magyar Koztarsasag

local short form:
Magyarorszag
conventional long form:
Republic of Ghana

conventional short form:
Ghana

former:
Gold Coast
Currency forint (HUF) cedi (GHC)
Death rate 13.21 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) 10.26 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Debt - external $29.6 billion (2000) $7 billion (1999 est.)
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission:
Ambassador Peter F. TUFO

embassy:
Szabadsag Ter 12, H.-1054 Budapest

mailing address:
pouch: American Embassy Budapest, 5270 Budapest Place, Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5270

telephone:
[36] (1) 475-4400, 475-4703 (after hours)

FAX:
[36] (1) 475-4764
chief of mission:
Ambassador Kathryn D. ROBINSON

embassy:
Ring Road East, East of Danquah Circle, Accra

mailing address:
P. O. Box 194, Accra

telephone:
[233] (21) 775348

FAX:
[233] (21) 776008
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission:
Ambassador Geza JESZENSZKY

chancery:
3910 Shoemaker Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:
[1] (202) 362-6730

FAX:
[1] (202) 966-8135

consulate(s) general:
Los Angeles and New York
chief of mission:
Ambassador Kobena KOOMSON

chancery:
3512 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:
[1] (202) 686-4520

FAX:
[1] (202) 686-4527

consulate(s) general:
New York
Disputes - international Gabcikovo/Nagymaros Dam dispute with Slovakia is before the ICJ none
Economic aid - recipient $122.7 million (1995) $477.3 million (1995)
Economy - overview Hungary continues to demonstrate strong economic growth and to work toward accession to the European Union. The private sector accounts for over 80% of GDP. Foreign ownership of and investment in Hungarian firms is widespread, with cumulative foreign direct investment totaling $23 billion by 2000. Hungarian sovereign debt was upgraded in 2000 to the second-highest rating among all the Central European transition economies. Inflation - a top economic concern in 2000 - is still high at almost 10%, pushed upward by higher world oil and gas and domestic food prices. Economic reform measures such as health care reform, tax reform, and local government financing have not yet been addressed by the ORBAN government. Well endowed with natural resources, Ghana has twice the per capita output of the poorer countries in West Africa. Even so, Ghana remains heavily dependent on international financial and technical assistance. Gold, timber, and cocoa production are major sources of foreign exchange. The domestic economy continues to revolve around subsistence agriculture, which accounts for 36% of GDP and employs 60% of the work force, mainly small landholders. In 1995-97, Ghana made mixed progress under a three-year structural adjustment program in cooperation with the IMF. On the minus side, public sector wage increases and regional peacekeeping commitments have led to continued inflationary deficit financing, depreciation of the cedi, and rising public discontent with Ghana's austerity measures. Political uncertainty and a depressed cocoa market led to disappointing growth in 2000. A rebound in the cocoa market should push growth over 4% in 2001-02.
Electricity - consumption 35.234 billion kWh (1999) 5.573 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - exports 2.35 billion kWh (1999) 400 million kWh (1999)
Electricity - imports 3.406 billion kWh (1999) 890 million kWh (1999)
Electricity - production 36.75 billion kWh (1999) 5.466 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - production by source fossil fuel:
61.09%

hydro:
0.51%

nuclear:
38.4%

other:
0% (1999)
fossil fuel:
26.82%

hydro:
73.18%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)
Elevation extremes lowest point:
Tisza River 78 m

highest point:
Kekes 1,014 m
lowest point:
Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point:
Mount Afadjato 880 m
Environment - current issues the approximation of Hungary's standards in waste management, energy efficiency, and air, soil, and water pollution with environmental requirements for EU accession will require large investments recent drought in north severely affecting agricultural activities; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; poaching and habitat destruction threatens wildlife populations; water pollution; inadequate supplies of potable water
Environment - international agreements party to:
Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:
Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Law of the Sea
party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:
Marine Life Conservation
Ethnic groups Hungarian 89.9%, Roma 4%, German 2.6%, Serb 2%, Slovak 0.8%, Romanian 0.7% black African 99.8% (major tribes - Akan 44%, Moshi-Dagomba 16%, Ewe 13%, Ga 8%), European and other 0.2%
Exchange rates forints per US dollar - 282.240 (January 2001), 282.179 (2000), 237.146 (1999), 214.402 (1998), 186.789 (1997), 152.647 (1996) cedis per US dollar - 6,895.77 (January 2001), 5,321.68 (2000), 2,647.32 (1999), 2,314.15 (1998), 2,050.17 (1997), 1,637.23 (1996)
Executive branch chief of state:
Ferenc MADL (since NA August 2000)

head of government:
Prime Minister Viktor ORBAN (since 6 July 1998)

cabinet:
Council of Ministers elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president

elections:
president elected by the National Assembly for a five-year term; election last held 6 June 2000 (next to be held by June 2005); prime minister elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president

election results:
Ferenc MADL elected president; percent of legislative vote - NA% (but by a simple majority in the third round of voting); Viktor ORBAN elected prime minister; percent of legislative vote - NA%

note:
to be elected, the president must win two-thirds of legislative vote in the first two rounds or a simple majority in the third round
chief of state:
President John Agyekum KUFUOR (since 7 January 2001); Vice President Alhaji Aliu MAHAMA (since 7 January 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government:
President John Agyekum KUFUOR (since 7 January 2001); Vice President Alhaji Aliu MAHAMA (since 7 January 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet:
Council of Ministers; president nominates members subject to approval by Parliament

elections:
president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 7 and 28 December 2000 (next to be held NA December 2004)

election results:
John Agyekum KUFUOR elected president in runoff; percent of vote - John KUFUOR 56.4%, John Atta MILLS 43.6%
Exports $25.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000) $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Exports - commodities machinery and equipment 59.5%, other manufactures 29.4%, food products 6.9%, raw materials 2.4%, fuels and electricity 1.8% (2000) gold, cocoa, timber, tuna, bauxite, aluminum, manganese ore, diamonds
Exports - partners Germany 37%, Austria 9%, Italy 6%, Netherlands 5% (2000) Togo, UK, Italy, Netherlands, Germany, US, France (1998)
Fiscal year calendar year calendar year
Flag description three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and green three equal horizontal bands of red (top), yellow, and green with a large black five-pointed star centered in the yellow band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia; similar to the flag of Bolivia, which has a coat of arms centered in the yellow band
GDP purchasing power parity - $113.9 billion (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $37.4 billion (2000 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture:
5%

industry:
35%

services:
60% (2000 est.)
agriculture:
36%

industry:
25%

services:
39% (2000 est.)
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $11,200 (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $1,900 (2000 est.)
GDP - real growth rate 5.5% (2000 est.) 3% (2000 est.)
Geographic coordinates 47 00 N, 20 00 E 8 00 N, 2 00 W
Geography - note landlocked; strategic location astride main land routes between Western Europe and Balkan Peninsula as well as between Ukraine and Mediterranean basin Lake Volta is the world's largest artificial lake; northeasterly harmattan wind (January to March)
Heliports 5 (2000 est.) -
Highways total:
188,203 km

paved:
81,680 km (including 448 km of expressways)

unpaved:
106,523 km (1998 est.)
total:
39,409 km

paved:
11,653 km (including 30 km of expressways)

unpaved:
27,756 km (1997)
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%:
3.9%

highest 10%:
24.8% (1996)
lowest 10%:
3.6%

highest 10%:
26.1% (1997)
Illicit drugs major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and cannabis and transit point for South American cocaine destined for Western Europe; limited producer of precursor chemicals, particularly for amphetamine and methamphetamine illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade; transit hub for Southwest and Southeast Asian heroin and South American cocaine destined for Europe and the US
Imports $27.6 billion (f.o.b., 2000) $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000)
Imports - commodities machinery and equipment 51.1%, other manufactures 35.9%, fuels and electricity 8.1%, food products 2.8%, raw materials 2.1% (2000) capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs
Imports - partners Germany 25%, Russia 8%, Austria 7%, Italy 7% (2000) UK, Nigeria, US, Germany, Italy, Spain (1998)
Independence 1001 (unification by King Stephen I) 6 March 1957 (from UK)
Industrial production growth rate 18% (2000 est.) 4.2% (1996 est.)
Industries mining, metallurgy, construction materials, processed foods, textiles, chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals), motor vehicles mining, lumbering, light manufacturing, aluminum smelting, food processing
Infant mortality rate 8.96 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) 56.54 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 9.8% (1999 est.) 22.8% (2000 est.)
International organization participation ABEDA, Australia Group, BIS, CCC, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, EU (applicant), FAO, G- 9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMOGIP, UNOMIG, UNU, UPU, WCL, WEU (associate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, ZC ABEDA, ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, MINURSO, NAM, OAS (observer), OAU, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNIKOM, UNITAR, UNMEE, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNMOP, UNMOT, UNTAET, UNU, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 16 (2000) 1 (2000)
Irrigated land 2,060 sq km (1993 est.) 60 sq km (1993 est.)
Judicial branch Constitutional Court (judges are elected by the National Assembly for nine-year terms) Supreme Court
Labor force 4.2 million (1997) 9 million (2000 est.)
Labor force - by occupation services 65%, industry 27%, agriculture 8% (1996) agriculture 60%, industry 15%, services 25% (1999 est.)
Land boundaries total:
2,009 km

border countries:
Austria 366 km, Croatia 329 km, Romania 443 km, Yugoslavia 151 km, Slovakia 515 km, Slovenia 102 km, Ukraine 103 km
total:
2,093 km

border countries:
Burkina Faso 548 km, Cote d'Ivoire 668 km, Togo 877 km
Land use arable land:
51%

permanent crops:
3.6%

permanent pastures:
12.4%

forests and woodland:
19%

other:
14% (1999)
arable land:
12%

permanent crops:
7%

permanent pastures:
22%

forests and woodland:
35%

other:
24% (1993 est.)
Languages Hungarian 98.2%, other 1.8% English (official), African languages (including Akan, Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe, and Ga)
Legal system rule of law based on Western model based on English common law and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch unicameral National Assembly or Orszaggyules (386 seats; members are elected by popular vote under a system of proportional and direct representation to serve four-year terms)

elections:
last held on 10 and 24 May 1998 (next to be held May/June 2002)

election results:
percent of vote by party (5% or more of the vote required for parliamentary representation in the first round) - MSZP 32.0%, FIDESZ 28.2%, FKGP 13.8%, SZDSZ 7.9%, MIEP 5.5%, MMP 4.1%, MDF 2.8%, KDNP 2.3%, MDNP 1.5%; seats by party - MSZP 134, FIDESZ 148, FKGP 48, SZDSZ 24, MDF 17, MIEP 14, independent 1; note - seating as of 2000 by party - MSZP 136, FIDESZ 141, FKGP 48, SZDSZ 24, MDF 16, MIEP 12, independents 9
unicameral Parliament (200 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections:
last held 7 December 2000 (next to be held NA December 2004)

election results:
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NPP 100, NDC 92, PNC 3, CPP 1, independents 4
Life expectancy at birth total population:
71.63 years

male:
67.28 years

female:
76.3 years (2001 est.)
total population:
57.24 years

male:
55.86 years

female:
58.66 years (2001 est.)
Literacy definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
99%

male:
99%

female:
98% (1980 est.)
definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
64.5%

male:
75.9%

female:
53.5% (1995 est.)
Location Central Europe, northwest of Romania Western Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Cote d'Ivoire and Togo
Map references Europe Africa
Maritime claims none (landlocked) contiguous zone:
24 NM

continental shelf:
200 NM

exclusive economic zone:
200 NM

territorial sea:
12 NM
Merchant marine total:
1 ship (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,199 GRT/1,050 DWT

ships by type:
cargo 1 (2000 est.)
total:
6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 13,484 GRT/18,583 DWT

ships by type:
petroleum tanker 2, refrigerated cargo 4 (2000 est.)
Military branches Ground Forces, Air Force; note - there is a paramilitary Border Guard which is under the Ministry of Interior Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police Force, Palace Guard, Civil Defense
Military expenditures - dollar figure $822 million (FY00) $53 million (FY99)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 1.6% (FY00) 0.7% (FY99)
Military manpower - availability males age 15-49:
2,573,119 (2001 est.)
males age 15-49:
4,890,483 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service males age 15-49:
2,050,404 (2001 est.)
males age 15-49:
2,713,584 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - military age 18 years of age 18 years of age
Military manpower - reaching military age annually males:
64,121 (2001 est.)
males:
213,237 (2001 est.)
National holiday St. Stephen's Day, 20 August Independence Day, 6 March (1957)
Nationality noun:
Hungarian(s)

adjective:
Hungarian
noun:
Ghanaian(s)

adjective:
Ghanaian
Natural hazards - dry, dusty, harmattan winds occur from January to March; droughts
Natural resources bauxite, coal, natural gas, fertile soils, arable land gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish, rubber, hydropower
Net migration rate 0.74 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) -0.83 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Pipelines crude oil 1,204 km; natural gas 4,387 km (1991) 0 km
Political parties and leaders Alliance of Free Democrats or SZDSZ [Gabor DEMSZKY]; Christian Democratic People's Party or KDNP [Gyorgy GICZY, president]; Federation of Young Democrats-Hungarian Civic Party or FYD-HCP [Laszlo KOVER]; note - used to be Hungarian Civic Party or FIDESZ; Hungarian Democratic Forum or MDF [Ibolya DAVID]; Hungarian Democratic People's Party or MDNP [Erzsebet PUSZTAI, chairman]; Hungarian Justice and Life Party or MIEP [Istvan CSURKA, chairman]; Hungarian Socialist Party or MSZP [Laszlo KOVACS, chairman]; Hungarian Workers' Party or MMP [Gyula THURMER, chairman]; Independent Smallholders or FKGP [Jozsef TORGYAN, president] Every Ghanaian Living Everywhere or EGLE [Owuraku AMOFA, chairman]; National Convention Party or NCP [Sarpong KUMA-KUMA]; National Democratic Congress or NDC [Dr. Huudu YAHAYA, general secretary]; New Patriotic Party or NPP [Samuel Arthur ODOI-SYKES]; People's Convention Party or PCP [P. K. DONKOH-AYIFI, acting chairman]; People's Heritage Party or PHP [Emmanuel Alexander ERSKINE]; People's National Convention or PNC [Edward MAHAMA]
Political pressure groups and leaders NA NA
Population 10,106,017 (July 2001 est.) 19,894,014

note:
estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)
Population below poverty line 8.6% (1993 est.) 31.4% (1992 est.)
Population growth rate -0.32% (2001 est.) 1.79% (2001 est.)
Ports and harbors Budapest, Dunaujvaros Takoradi, Tema
Radio broadcast stations AM 17, FM 57, shortwave 3 (1998) AM 0, FM 18, shortwave 3 (1999)
Radios 7.01 million (1997) 4.4 million (1997)
Railways total:
7,606 km

broad gauge:
36 km 1.524-m gauge

standard gauge:
7,394 km 1.435-m gauge (2,270 km electrified; 1,236 km double track)

narrow gauge:
176 km 0.760-m gauge (1998)

note:
Hungary and Austria jointly manage the cross-border standard-gauge railway connecting Gyor, Sopron, and Ebenfurt (Gysev railroad) a distance of about 101 km in Hungary and 65 km in Austria
total:
953 km (undergoing major rehabilitation)

narrow gauge:
953 km 1.067-m gauge (32 km double track) (1997 est.)
Religions Roman Catholic 67.5%, Calvinist 20%, Lutheran 5%, atheist and other 7.5% indigenous beliefs 38%, Muslim 30%, Christian 24%, other 8%
Sex ratio at birth:
1.07 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
0.96 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.58 male(s)/female

total population:
0.91 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
at birth:
1.03 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
0.98 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.91 male(s)/female

total population:
0.99 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
Suffrage 18 years of age; universal 18 years of age; universal
Telephone system general assessment:
the telephone system has been modernized and is capable of satisfying all requests for telecommunication service

domestic:
the system is digitalized and highly automated; trunk services are carried by fiber-optic cable and digital microwave radio relay; a program for fiber-optic subscriber connections was initiated in 1996; heavy use is made of mobile cellular telephones

international:
Hungary has fiber-optic cable connections with all neighboring countries; the international switch is in Budapest; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean regions), 1 Inmarsat, 1 very small aperture terminal (VSAT) system of ground terminals
general assessment:
poor to fair system; Internet accessible; many rural communities not yet connected; expansion of services is underway

domestic:
primarily microwave radio relay; wireless local loop has been installed

international:
satellite earth stations - 4 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); microwave radio relay link to Panaftel system connects Ghana to its neighbors
Telephones - main lines in use 3.095 million (1997) 200,000 (1998)
Telephones - mobile cellular 1.269 million (July 1999) 30,000 (yearend 1998)
Television broadcast stations 35 (plus 161 low-power repeaters) (1995) 11 (1999)
Terrain mostly flat to rolling plains; hills and low mountains on the Slovakian border mostly low plains with dissected plateau in south-central area
Total fertility rate 1.25 children born/woman (2001 est.) 3.82 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Unemployment rate 9.4% (2000 est.) 20% (1997 est.)
Waterways 1,373 km (permanently navigable) (1997) 1,293 km

note:
Volta, Ankobra, and Tano Rivers provide 168 km of perennial navigation for launches and lighters; Lake Volta provides 1,125 km of arterial and feeder waterways
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