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Compare Greece (2001) - World (2001)

Compare Greece (2001) z World (2001)

 Greece (2001)World (2001)
 GreeceWorld
Administrative divisions 51 prefectures (nomoi, singular - nomos)and 1 autonomous region*; Ayion Oros* (Mt. Athos), Aitolia kai Akarnania, Akhaia, Argolis, Arkadhia, Arta, Attiki, Dhodhekanisos, Drama, Evritania, Evros, Evvoia, Florina, Fokis, Fthiotis, Grevena, Ilia, Imathia, Ioannina, Irakleion, Kardhitsa, Kastoria, Kavala, Kefallinia, Kerkyra, Khalkidhiki, Khania, Khios, Kikladhes, Kilkis, Korinthia, Kozani, Lakonia, Larisa, Lasithi, Lesvos, Levkas, Magnisia, Messinia, Pella, Pieria, Preveza, Rethimni, Rodhopi, Samos, Serrai, Thesprotia, Thessaloniki, Trikala, Voiotia, Xanthi, Zakinthos 267 nations, dependent areas, other, and miscellaneous entries
Age structure 0-14 years:
14.98% (male 820,219; female 771,466)

15-64 years:
67.3% (male 3,580,535; female 3,569,755)

65 years and over:
17.72% (male 834,234; female 1,047,626) (2001 est.)
0-14 years:
29.6% (male 933,647,850; female 886,681,514)

15-64 years:
63.4% (male 1,975,418,386; female 1,931,021,694)

65 years and over:
7% (male 188,760,223; female 241,449,691) (2001 est.)
Agriculture - products wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, olives, tomatoes, wine, tobacco, potatoes; beef, dairy products -
Airports 81 (2000 est.) -
Airports - with paved runways total:
65

over 3,047 m:
6

2,438 to 3,047 m:
15

1,524 to 2,437 m:
19

914 to 1,523 m:
16

under 914 m:
9 (2000 est.)
-
Airports - with unpaved runways total:
16

over 3,047 m:
1

1,524 to 2,437 m:
1

914 to 1,523 m:
4

under 914 m:
10 (2000 est.)
-
Area total:
131,940 sq km

land:
130,800 sq km

water:
1,140 sq km
total:
510.072 million sq km

land:
148.94 million sq km

water:
361.132 million sq km

note:
70.8% of the world's surface is water, 29.2% is land
Area - comparative slightly smaller than Alabama land area about 16 times the size of the US
Background Greece achieved its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1829. During the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, it gradually added neighboring islands and territories with Greek-speaking populations. Following the defeat of communist rebels in 1949, Greece joined NATO in 1952. A military dictatorship, which in 1967 suspended many political liberties and forced the king to flee the country, lasted seven years. Democratic elections in 1974 and a referendum created a parliamentary republic and abolished the monarchy; Greece joined the European Community or EC in 1981 (which became the EU in 1992). Globally, the 20th century was marked by: (a) two devastating world wars; (b) the Great Depression of the 1930s; (c) the end of vast colonial empires; (d) rapid advances in science and technology, from the first airplane flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina (US) to the landing on the moon; (e) the Cold War between the Western alliance and the Warsaw Pact nations; (f) a sharp rise in living standards in North America, Europe, and Japan; (g) increased concerns about the environment, including loss of forests, shortages of energy and water, the drop in biological diversity, and air pollution; (h) the onset of the AIDS epidemic; and (i) the ultimate emergence of the US as the only world superpower. The planet's population continues to explode: from 1 billion in 1820, to 2 billion in 1930, 3 billion in 1960, 4 billion in 1974, 5 billion in 1988, and 6 billion in 2000. For the 21st century, the continued exponential growth in science and technology raises both hopes (e.g., advances in medicine) and fears (e.g., development of even more lethal weapons of war).
Birth rate 9.83 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) 21.37 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Budget revenues:
$45 billion

expenditures:
$47.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (1998 est.)
-
Capital Athens -
Climate temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers two large areas of polar climates separated by two rather narrow temperate zones from a wide equatorial band of tropical to subtropical climates
Coastline 13,676 km 356,000 km
Constitution 11 June 1975; amended March 1986 -
Country name conventional long form:
Hellenic Republic

conventional short form:
Greece

local long form:
Elliniki Dhimokratia

local short form:
Ellas or Ellada

former:
Kingdom of Greece
-
Currency drachma (GRD); euro (EUR)

note:
on 1 January 1999, the EU introduced the euro as a common currency that is now being used by financial institutions in Greece (which entered the European Monetary Union on 1 January 2001) at a fixed rate of 340.750 drachmae per euro and will replace the local currency for all transactions in 2002
-
Death rate 9.73 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) 8.93 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Debt - external $57 billion (2000 est.) $2 trillion for less developed countries (2000 est.)
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission:
Ambassador R. Nicholas BURNS

embassy:
91 Vasilissis Sophias Boulevard, 10160 Athens

mailing address:
PSC 108, APO AE 09842-0108

telephone:
[30] (1) 721-2951

FAX:
[30] (1) 645-6282

consulate(s) general:
Thessaloniki
-
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission:
Ambassador Alexandros PHILON

chancery:
2221 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:
[1] (202) 939-5800

FAX:
[1] (202) 939-5824

consulate(s) general:
Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco

consulate(s):
Atlanta, Houston, and New Orleans
-
Disputes - international complex maritime, air, and territorial disputes with Turkey in Aegean Sea; Cyprus question with Turkey; dispute with The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia over its name -
Economic aid - recipient $5.4 billion from EU (1997 est.) traditional worldwide foreign aid $50 billion (1997 est.)
Economy - overview Greece has a mixed capitalist economy with the public sector accounting for about half of GDP. Tourism is a key industry, providing a large portion of GDP and foreign exchange earnings. Greece is a major beneficiary of EU aid, equal to about 4% of GDP. The economy has improved steadily over the last few years, as the government has tightened policy in the run-up to Greece's entry into the EU's Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) on 1 January 2001. In particular, Greece has cut its budget deficit to below 1% of GDP and tightened monetary policy, with the result that inflation fell from 20% in 1990 to 3.1% in 2000. Major challenges remaining include the reduction of unemployment and further restructuring of the economy, including the privatization of some leading state enterprises. Growth, 3.8% in 2000, may fall off to 3%-3.5% in 2001. Growth in global output (gross world product, GWP) rose to 4.8% in 2000 from 3.5% in 1999, despite continued low growth in Japan, severe financial difficulties in other East Asian countries, and widespread dislocations in several transition economies. The US economy continued its remarkable sustained prosperity, growing at 5% in 2000, although growth slowed in fourth quarter 2000; the US accounted for 23% of GWP. The EU economies grew at 3.3% and produced 20% of GWP. China, the second largest economy in the world, continued its strong growth and accounted for 10% of GWP. Japan grew at only 1.3% in 2000; its share in GWP is 7%. As usual, the 15 successor nations of the USSR and the other old Warsaw Pact nations experienced widely different rates of growth. The developing nations also varied in their growth results, with many countries facing population increases that eat up gains in output. Externally, the nation-state, as a bedrock economic-political institution, is steadily losing control over international flows of people, goods, funds, and technology. Internally, the central government often finds its control over resources slipping as separatist regional movements - typically based on ethnicity - gain momentum, e.g., in many of the successor states of the former Soviet Union, in the former Yugoslavia, in India, and in Canada. In Western Europe, governments face the difficult political problem of channeling resources away from welfare programs in order to increase investment and strengthen incentives to seek employment. The addition of 80 million people each year to an already overcrowded globe is exacerbating the problems of pollution, desertification, underemployment, epidemics, and famine. Because of their own internal problems and priorities, the industrialized countries devote insufficient resources to deal effectively with the poorer areas of the world, which, at least from the economic point of view, are becoming further marginalized. Continued financial difficulties in East Asia, Russia, and many African nations, as well as the slowdown in US economic growth, cast a shadow over short-term global economic prospects; GWP probably will grow at 3-4% in 2001. The introduction of the euro as the common currency of much of Western Europe in January 1999, while paving the way for an integrated economic powerhouse, poses serious economic risks because of varying levels of income and cultural and political differences among the participating nations. (For specific economic developments in each country of the world in 2000, see the individual country entries.)
Electricity - consumption 43.343 billion kWh (1999) -
Electricity - exports 1.65 billion kWh (1999) -
Electricity - imports 1.811 billion kWh (1999) -
Electricity - production 46.432 billion kWh (1999) -
Electricity - production by source fossil fuel:
89.6%

hydro:
9.72%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0.68% (1999)
fossil fuel:
NA%

hydro:
NA%

nuclear:
NA%

other:
NA%
Elevation extremes lowest point:
Mediterranean Sea 0 m

highest point:
Mount Olympus 2,917 m
lowest point:
Bentley Subglacial Trench -2,540 m

highest point:
Mount Everest 8,850 m (1999 est.)
Environment - current issues air pollution; water pollution large areas subject to overpopulation, industrial disasters, pollution (air, water, acid rain, toxic substances), loss of vegetation (overgrazing, deforestation, desertification), loss of wildlife, soil degradation, soil depletion, erosion
Environment - international agreements party to:
Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:
Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
-
Ethnic groups Greek 98%, other 2%

note:
the Greek Government states there are no ethnic divisions in Greece
-
Exchange rates drachmae per US dollar - 380.21 (December 2000), 365.40 (2000), 305.65 (1999), 295.53 (1998), 273.06 (1997), 240.71 (1996) -
Executive branch chief of state:
President Konstandinos (Kostis) STEPHANOPOULOS (since 10 March 1995)

head of government:
Prime Minister Konstandinos SIMITIS (since 19 January 1996)

cabinet:
Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister

elections:
president elected by Parliament for a five-year term; election last held 8 February 2000 (next to be held by NA March 2005); prime minister appointed by the president

election results:
Konstandinos STEPHANOPOULOS reelected president; percent of Parliament vote - 90%
-
Exports $15.8 billion (f.o.b., 2000) $6 trillion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Exports - commodities manufactured goods, food and beverages, petroleum products the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services
Exports - partners EU 49% (Germany 15%, Italy 13%, UK 6%), US 6% (1999) in value, about 75% of exports from the developed countries
Fiscal year calendar year -
Flag description nine equal horizontal stripes of blue alternating with white; there is a blue square in the upper hoist-side corner bearing a white cross; the cross symbolizes Greek Orthodoxy, the established religion of the country -
GDP purchasing power parity - $181.9 billion (2000 est.) GWP (gross world product) - purchasing power parity - $43.6 trillion (2000 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture:
8.3%

industry:
27.3%

services:
64.4% (1998)
agriculture:
4%

industry:
32%

services:
64% (1999 est.)
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $17,200 (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $7,200 (2000 est.)
GDP - real growth rate 3.8% (2000 est.) 4.8% (2000 est.)
Geographic coordinates 39 00 N, 22 00 E -
Geography - note strategic location dominating the Aegean Sea and southern approach to Turkish Straits; a peninsular country, possessing an archipelago of about 2,000 islands -
Heliports 2 (2000 est.) -
Highways total:
117,000 km

paved:
107,406 km (including 470 km of expressways)

unpaved:
9,594 km (1996)
total:
NA km

paved:
NA km

unpaved:
NA km
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%:
3%

highest 10%:
25.3% (1993 est.)
lowest 10%:
NA%

highest 10%:
NA%
Illicit drugs a gateway to Europe for traffickers smuggling cannabis and heroin from the Middle East and Southwest Asia to the West and precursor chemicals to the East; some South American cocaine transits or is consumed in Greece -
Imports $33.9 billion (c.i.f., 2000) $6 trillion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Imports - commodities manufactured goods, foodstuffs, fuels, chemicals the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services
Imports - partners EU 66% (Italy 15%, Germany 15%, France 9%, UK 6%) (1999) in value, about 75% of imports by the developed countries
Independence 1829 (from the Ottoman Empire) -
Industrial production growth rate 7% (2000 est.) 6% (2000 est.)
Industries tourism; food and tobacco processing, textiles; chemicals, metal products; mining, petroleum dominated by the onrush of technology, especially in computers, robotics, telecommunications, and medicines and medical equipment; most of these advances take place in OECD nations; only a small portion of non-OECD countries have succeeded in rapidly adjusting to these technological forces; the accelerated development of new industrial (and agricultural) technology is complicating already grim environmental problems
Infant mortality rate 6.38 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) 52.61 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 3.1% (2000 est.) all countries 25%; developed countries 1% to 3% typically; developing countries 5% to 60% typically (2000 est.)

note:
national inflation rates vary widely in individual cases, from stable prices in Japan to hyperinflation in a number of Third World countries
International organization participation Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CCC, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECE, EIB, EMU, EU, FAO, G- 6, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MINURSO, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIBH, UNOMIG, UPU, WEU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, ZC -
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 27 (2000) 10,350 (2000 est.)
Irrigated land 13,140 sq km (1993 est.) 2,481,250 sq km (1993 est.)
Judicial branch Supreme Judicial Court; Special Supreme Tribunal; all judges appointed for life by the president after consultation with a judicial council -
Labor force 4.32 million (1999 est.) NA
Labor force - by occupation industry 21%, agriculture 20%, services 59% (2000 est.) agricultue NA%, industry NA%, services NA%
Land boundaries total:
1,210 km

border countries:
Albania 282 km, Bulgaria 494 km, Turkey 206 km, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 228 km
the land boundaries in the world total 251,480.24 km (not counting shared boundaries twice)
Land use arable land:
19%

permanent crops:
8%

permanent pastures:
41%

forests and woodland:
20%

other:
12% (1993 est.)
arable land:
10%

permanent crops:
1%

permanent pastures:
26%

forests and woodland:
32%

other:
31% (1993 est.)
Languages Greek 99% (official), English, French -
Legal system based on codified Roman law; judiciary divided into civil, criminal, and administrative courts all members of the UN plus Switzerland are parties to the statute that established the International Court of Justice (ICJ) or World Court
Legislative branch unicameral Parliament or Vouli ton Ellinon (300 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections:
elections last held 9 April 2000 (next to be held by NA April 2004)

election results:
percent of vote by party - PASOK 43.8%, ND 42.7%, KKE 5.5%, Coalition of the Left and Progress 3.2%; seats by party - PASOK 158, ND 125, KKE 11, Coalition of the Left and Progress 6
-
Life expectancy at birth total population:
78.59 years

male:
76.03 years

female:
81.32 years (2001 est.)
total population:
63.79 years

male:
62.15 years

female:
65.51 years (2001 est.)
Literacy definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
95%

male:
98%

female:
93% (1991 est.)
-
Location Southern Europe, bordering the Aegean Sea, Ionian Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea, between Albania and Turkey -
Map references Europe World, Time Zones
Maritime claims continental shelf:
200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

territorial sea:
6 NM
contiguous zone:
24 NM claimed by most, but can vary

continental shelf:
200-m depth claimed by most or to depth of exploitation; others claim 200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin

exclusive fishing zone:
200 NM claimed by most, but can vary

exclusive economic zone:
200 NM claimed by most, but can vary

territorial sea:
12 NM claimed by most, but can vary

note:
boundary situations with neighboring states prevent many countries from extending their fishing or economic zones to a full 200 NM; 43 nations and other areas that are landlocked include Afghanistan, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Czech Republic, Ethiopia, Holy See (Vatican City), Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malawi, Mali, Moldova, Mongolia, Nepal, Niger, Paraguay, Rwanda, San Marino, Slovakia, Swaziland, Switzerland, Tajikistan, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Uzbekistan, West Bank, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Merchant marine total:
780 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 25,564,988 GRT/44,761,916 DWT

ships by type:
bulk 272, cargo 55, chemical tanker 22, combination bulk 5, combination ore/oil 6, container 51, liquefied gas 5, multi-functional large-load carrier 1, passenger 14, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 255, refrigerated cargo 3, roll on/roll off 20, short-sea passenger 63, specialized tanker 5, vehicle carrier 1

note:
includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: South Korea 1, UK 4 (2000 est.)
-
Military branches Hellenic Army, Hellenic Navy, Hellenic Air Force, National Guard, Police -
Military expenditures - dollar figure $6.12 billion (FY99/00 est.) aggregate real expenditure on arms worldwide in 1999 remained at approximately the 1998 level, about three-quarters of a trillion dollars (1999 est.)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 4.91% (FY99/00 est.) roughly 2% of gross world product (1999 est.)
Military manpower - availability males age 15-49:
2,673,539 (2001 est.)
-
Military manpower - fit for military service males age 15-49:
2,040,227 (2001 est.)
-
Military manpower - military age 21 years of age -
Military manpower - reaching military age annually males:
77,976 (2001 est.)
-
National holiday Independence Day, 25 March (1821) -
Nationality noun:
Greek(s)

adjective:
Greek
-
Natural hazards severe earthquakes large areas subject to severe weather (tropical cyclones), natural disasters (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions)
Natural resources bauxite, lignite, magnesite, petroleum, marble, hydropower potential the rapid using up of nonrenewable mineral resources, the depletion of forest areas and wetlands, the extinction of animal and plant species, and the deterioration in air and water quality (especially in Eastern Europe, the former USSR, and China) pose serious long-term problems that governments and peoples are only beginning to address
Net migration rate 1.96 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) -
Pipelines crude oil 26 km; petroleum products 547 km -
Political parties and leaders Coalition of the Left and Progress (Synaspismos) [Nikolaos KONSTANDOPOULOS]; Communist Party of Greece or KKE [Aleka PAPARIGA]; New Democracy or ND (conservative) [Konstandinos KARAMANLIS]; Panhellenic Socialist Movement or PASOK [Konstandinos SIMITIS] -
Political pressure groups and leaders NA -
Population 10,623,835 (July 2001 est.) 6,157,400,560 (July 2001 est.)
Population below poverty line NA% -
Population growth rate 0.21% (2001 est.) 1.25% (2001 est.)
Ports and harbors Alexandroupolis, Elefsis, Irakleion (Crete), Kavala, Kerkyra, Chalkis, Igoumenitsa, Lavrion, Patrai, Peiraiefs (Piraeus), Thessaloniki, Volos Chiba, Houston, Kawasaki, Kobe, Marseille, Mina' al Ahmadi (Kuwait), New Orleans, New York, Rotterdam, Yokohama
Radio broadcast stations AM 26, FM 88, shortwave 4 (1998) AM NA, FM NA, shortwave NA
Radios 5.02 million (1997) NA
Railways total:
2,548 km

standard gauge:
1,565 km 1.435-m gauge (36 km electrified; 23 km double track)

narrow gauge:
961 km 1.000-m gauge; 22 km 0.750-m gauge (a rack-type railway for steep grades)
total:
1,201,337 km includes about 190,000 to 195,000 km of electrified routes of which 147,760 km are in Europe, 24,509 km in the Far East, 11,050 km in Africa, 4,223 km in South America, and 4,160 km in North America; note - fastest speed in daily service is 300 km/hr attained by France's Societe Nationale des Chemins-de-Fer Francais (SNCF) Le Train a Grande Vitesse (TGV) - Atlantique line

broad gauge:
251,153 km

standard gauge:
710,754 km

narrow gauge:
239,430 km
Religions Greek Orthodox 98%, Muslim 1.3%, other 0.7% -
Sex ratio at birth:
1.07 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
1 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.8 male(s)/female

total population:
0.97 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
at birth:
1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
1.02 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.78 male(s)/female

total population:
1.05 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
Suffrage 18 years of age; universal and compulsory -
Telephone system general assessment:
adequate, modern networks reach all areas; good mobile telephone and international service

domestic:
microwave radio relay trunk system; extensive open wire connections; submarine cable to offshore islands

international:
tropospheric scatter; 8 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean region)
general assessment:
NA

domestic:
NA

international:
NA
Telephones - main lines in use 5.431 million (1997) NA
Telephones - mobile cellular 937,700 (1997) NA
Television broadcast stations 36 (plus 1,341 low-power repeaters); also two stations in the US Armed Forces Radio and Television Service (1995) NA
Terrain mostly mountains with ranges extending into the sea as peninsulas or chains of islands the greatest ocean depth is the Mariana Trench at 10,924 m in the Pacific Ocean
Total fertility rate 1.33 children born/woman (2001 est.) 2.73 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Unemployment rate 11.3% (2000 est.) 30% combined unemployment and underemployment in many non-industrialized countries; developed countries typically 4%-12% unemployment (2000 est.)
Waterways 80 km

note:
system consists of three coastal canals including the Corinth Canal (6 km) which crosses the Isthmus of Corinth connecting the Gulf of Corinth with the Saronic Gulf and shortens the sea voyage from the Adriatic to Peiraiefs (Piraeus) by 325 km; there are also three unconnected rivers
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