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 Cambodia (2001)Cambodia (2003)
 CambodiaCambodia
Administrative divisions 20 provinces (khett, singular and plural) and 4 municipalities* (krong, singular and plural); Banteay Mean Cheay, Batdambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Spoe, Kampong Thum, Kampot, Kandal, Kaoh Kong, Keb*, Kracheh, Mondol Kiri, Otdar Mean Cheay, Pailin*, Phnum Penh*, Pouthisat, Preah Seihanu* (Sihanoukville), Preah Vihear, Prey Veng, Rotanah Kiri, Siem Reab, Stoeng Treng, Svay Rieng, Takev 20 provinces (khett, singular and plural) and 4 municipalities* (krong, singular and plural); Banteay Mean Cheay, Batdambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Spoe, Kampong Thum, Kampot, Kandal, Kaoh Kong, Keb*, Kracheh, Mondol Kiri, Otdar Mean Cheay, Pailin*, Phnum Penh*, Pouthisat, Preah Seihanu*, Preah Vihear, Prey Veng, Rotanah Kiri, Siem Reab, Stoeng Treng, Svay Rieng, Takev
Age structure 0-14 years:
41.25% (male 2,626,821; female 2,526,510)

15-64 years:
55.28% (male 3,253,611; female 3,651,129)

65 years and over:
3.47% (male 177,577; female 255,853) (2001 est.)
0-14 years: 39.3% (male 2,606,568; female 2,557,736)


15-64 years: 57.6% (male 3,599,216; female 3,962,520)


65 years and over: 3.1% (male 148,287; female 250,437) (2003 est.)
Airports 19 (2000 est.) 21 (2002)
Airports - with paved runways total:
6

2,438 to 3,047 m:
2

1,524 to 2,437 m:
2

914 to 1,523 m:
2 (2000 est.)
total: 5


2,438 to 3,047 m: 2


1,524 to 2,437 m: 2


914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2002)
Airports - with unpaved runways total:
13

1,524 to 2,437 m:
2

914 to 1,523 m:
11 (2000 est.)
total: 16


1,524 to 2,437 m: 2


914 to 1,523 m: 13


under 914 m: 1 (2002)
Area total:
181,040 sq km

land:
176,520 sq km

water:
4,520 sq km
total: 181,040 sq km


land: 176,520 sq km


water: 4,520 sq km
Background Following a five-year struggle, communist Khmer Rouge forces captured Phnom Penh in 1975 and ordered the evacuation of all cities and towns; over 1 million displaced people died from execution or enforced hardships. A 1978 Vietnamese invasion drove the Khmer Rouge into the countryside and touched off 13 years of fighting. UN-sponsored elections in 1993 helped restore some semblance of normalcy, as did the rapid diminishment of the Khmer Rouge in the mid-1990s. A coalition government, formed after national elections in 1998, brought renewed political stability and the surrender of remaining Khmer Rouge forces. Following a five-year struggle, Communist Khmer Rouge forces captured Phnom Penh in 1975 and ordered the evacuation of all cities and towns; over 1 million displaced people died from execution or enforced hardships. A 1978 Vietnamese invasion drove the Khmer Rouge into the countryside and touched off almost 20 years of fighting. UN-sponsored elections in 1993 helped restore some semblance of normalcy as did the rapid diminishment of the Khmer Rouge in the mid-1990s. A coalition government, formed after national elections in 1998, brought renewed political stability and the surrender of remaining Khmer Rouge forces in 1998.
Birth rate 33.16 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) 27.28 births/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Budget revenues:
$363 million

expenditures:
$532 million, including capital expenditures of $225 million (2000 est.)
revenues: $396 million


expenditures: $607 million, including capital expenditures of $254 million (2001 est.)
Country name conventional long form:
Kingdom of Cambodia

conventional short form:
Cambodia

local long form:
Preahreacheanachakr Kampuchea

local short form:
Kampuchea

former:
Khmer Republic, Kampuchea Republic
conventional long form: Kingdom of Cambodia


conventional short form: Cambodia


local long form: Preahreacheanachakr Kampuchea


local short form: Kampuchea


former: Khmer Republic, Kampuchea Republic
Death rate 10.65 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) 9.26 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission:
Ambassador Kent M. WIEDEMANN

embassy:
16-18 Mongkol lem St. 228, Phnom Penh

mailing address:
Box P, APO AP 96546

telephone:
[855] (23) 216-436

FAX:
[855] (23) 216-437
chief of mission: Ambassador Charles Aaron RAY


embassy: 27 EO Street 240, Phnom Penh


mailing address: Box P, APO AP 96546


telephone: [855] (23) 216-436/438


FAX: [855] (23) 216-437/811
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission:
Ambassador Roland ENG

chancery:
4500 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011

telephone:
[1] (202) 726-7742

FAX:
[1] (202) 726-8381
chief of mission: Ambassador ROLAND ENG


chancery: 4530 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011


telephone: [1] (202) 726-7742


FAX: [1] (202) 726-8381
Disputes - international portions of boundary with Vietnam are disputed; parts of border with Thailand are indefinite completed boundary demarcation with Thailand; accuses Vietnam of moving and destroying boundary markers and encroachments, initiating border incidents; accuses Thailand of preventing access to Preah Vihear temple ruins awarded to Cambodia by ICJ decision in 1962; maritime boundary with Vietnam hampered by dispute over offshore islands
Economy - overview Cambodia's economy slowed dramatically in 1997-98 due to the regional economic crisis, civil violence, and political infighting. Foreign investment and tourism fell off. In 1999, the first full year of peace in 30 years, progress was made on economic reforms and growth resumed at 4%. GDP growth for 2000 had been projected to reach 5.5%, but the worst flooding in 70 years severely damaged agricultural crops, and high oil prices hurt industrial production, and growth for the year is estimated at only 4%. Tourism is Cambodia's fastest growing industry, with arrivals up 34% in 2000. The long-term development of the economy after decades of war remains a daunting challenge. The population lacks education and productive skills, particularly in the poverty-ridden countryside, which suffers from an almost total lack of basic infrastructure. Fear of renewed political instability and corruption within the government discourage foreign investment and delay foreign aid. On the brighter side, the government is addressing these issues with assistance from bilateral and multilateral donors. Cambodia's economy slowed dramatically in 1997-1998 due to the regional economic crisis, civil violence, and political infighting. Foreign investment and tourism fell off. In 1999, the first full year of peace in 30 years, progress was made on economic reforms and growth resumed at 5.0%. Despite severe flooding, GDP grew at 5.0% in 2000, 6.3% in 2001, and 5.2% in 2002. Tourism was Cambodia's fastest growing industry, with arrivals up 34% in 2000 and up another 40% in 2001 before the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the US. Even given these stout growth estimates, the long-term development of the economy after decades of war remains a daunting challenge. The population lacks education and productive skills, particularly in the poverty-ridden countryside, which suffers from an almost total lack of basic infrastructure. Fear of renewed political instability and corruption within the government discourage foreign investment and delay foreign aid. The government is addressing these issues with assistance from bilateral and multilateral donors.
Electricity - consumption 136.7 million kWh (1999) 110.6 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports 0 kWh (1999) 0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports 0 kWh (1999) 0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - production 147 million kWh (1999) 119 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - production by source fossil fuel:
59.18%

hydro:
40.82%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)
fossil fuel: 65%


hydro: 35%


nuclear: 0%


other: 0% (2001)
Elevation extremes lowest point:
Gulf of Thailand 0 m

highest point:
Phnum Aoral 1,810 m
lowest point: Gulf of Thailand 0 m


highest point: Phnum Aoral 1,810 m
Environment - international agreements party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Marine Life Conservation, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:
Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands


signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping
Exchange rates riels per US dollar - 3,909.0 (January 2001), 3,840.8 (2000), 3,807.8 (1999), 3,744.4 (1998), 2,946.3 (1997), 2,624.1 (1996) riels per US dollar - 3,912.08 (2002), 3,916.33 (2001), 3,840.75 (2000), 3,807.83 (1999), 3,744.42 (1998)
Executive branch chief of state:
King Norodom SIHANOUK (reinstated 24 September 1993)

head of government:
Prime Minister HUN SEN (since 30 November 1998)

cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch

elections:
none; the monarch is chosen by a Royal Throne Council; prime minister appointed by the monarch after a vote of confidence by the National Assembly
chief of state: King Norodom SIHANOUK (reinstated 24 September 1993)


head of government: Prime Minister HUN SEN (since 30 November 1998) and Deputy Prime Ministers SAR KHENG (since 1993) and TOL LAH (since 1998)


cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch


elections: none; the monarch is chosen by a Royal Throne Council; following legislative elections, a member of the majority party or majority coalition is named prime minister by the Chairman of the National Assembly and appointed by the king
Exports $942 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.) NA (2001)
Exports - partners Vietnam 18%, Thailand 15%, US 10%, Singapore 8%, China 5% (1997) US 60.2%, Germany 9.1%, UK 7.1%, Singapore 4.4% (2002)
GDP purchasing power parity - $16.1 billion (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $20.42 billion (2002 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture:
43%

industry:
20%

services:
37% (1998 est.)
agriculture: 40%


industry: 20%


services: 40% (2001 est.)
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $1,300 (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $1,600 (2002 est.)
GDP - real growth rate 4% (2000 est.) 4.5% (2002 est.)
Heliports 3 (2000 est.) 2 (2002)
Highways total:
35,769 km

paved:
4,165 km

unpaved:
31,604 km (1997)
total: 12,323 km


paved: 1,996 km


unpaved: 10,327 km (2000 est)
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%:
2.9%

highest 10%:
33.8% (1997)
lowest 10%: 2.9%


highest 10%: 33.8% (1997)
Illicit drugs possible money laundering; narcotics-related corruption reportedly involving some in the government, military, and police; possible small-scale opium, heroin, and amphetamine production; large producer of cannabis for the international market narcotics-related corruption reportedly involving some in the government, military, and police; possible small-scale opium, heroin, and amphetamine production; large producer of cannabis for the international market; vulnerable to money laundering due to its cash-based economy and porous borders
Imports $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.) NA (2001)
Imports - commodities cigarettes, gold, construction materials, petroleum products, machinery, motor vehicles petroleum products, cigarettes, gold, construction materials, machinery, motor vehicles
Imports - partners Thailand 16%, Vietnam 9%, Japan 7%, Hong Kong 5%, China 5% (1997) Thailand 24.8%, Singapore 16.9%, China 12.1%, Hong Kong 10.9%, South Korea 5.5%, Vietnam 5.2% (2002)
Industrial production growth rate NA% 16% (2001 est.)
Industries garments, tourism, rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products, rubber, cement, gem mining, textiles tourism, garments, rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products, rubber, cement, gem mining, textiles
Infant mortality rate 65.41 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) total: 75.94 deaths/1,000 live births


male: 84.96 deaths/1,000 live births


female: 66.51 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 1.6% (2000 est.) 3.3% (2002 est.)
International organization participation ACCT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (subscriber), ITU, NAM, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer) ACCT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (subscriber), ITU, NAM, OPCW (signatory), PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)
Irrigated land 920 sq km (1993 est.) 2,700 sq km (1998 est.)
Labor force - by occupation agriculture 80% (1999 est.) agriculture 80% (2001 est.)
Land boundaries total:
2,572 km

border countries:
Laos 541 km, Thailand 803 km, Vietnam 1,228 km
total: 2,572 km


border countries: Laos 541 km, Thailand 803 km, Vietnam 1,228 km
Land use arable land:
13%

permanent crops:
0%

permanent pastures:
11%

forests and woodland:
66%

other:
10% (1993 est.)
arable land: 20.96%


permanent crops: 0.61%


other: 78.43% (1998 est.)
Legislative branch bicameral consists of the National Assembly (122 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and the Senate (61 seats; two members appointed by the monarch, two elected by the National Assembly, and 57 elected by "functional constituencies"; members serve five-year terms

elections:
National Assembly - last held 26 July 1998 (next to be held NA 2003); Senate - last held 2 March 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results:
National Assembly - percent of vote by party - CPP 41%, FUNCINPEC 32%, SRP 14%, other 13%; seats by party - CPP 64, FUNCINPEC 43, SRP 15; Senate - seats by party - CPP 31, FUNCINPEC 21, SRP 7
bicameral consists of the National Assembly (122 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and the Senate (61 seats; two members appointed by the monarch, two elected by the National Assembly, and 57 elected by "functional constituencies"; members serve five-year terms)


elections: National Assembly - last held 27 July 2003 (next to be held in July 2007); Senate - last held 2 March 1999 (next to be held in 2004)


election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party - CPP 47%, SRP 22%, FUNCINPEC 21%, other 10%; seats by party - CPP 73, FUNCINPEC 26, SRP 24; Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - CPP 31, FUNCINPEC 21, SRP 7, other 2 (2003)
Life expectancy at birth total population:
56.82 years

male:
54.62 years

female:
59.12 years (2001 est.)
total population: 57.92 years


male: 55.49 years


female: 60.47 years (2003 est.)
Literacy definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
35%

male:
48%

female:
22% (1990 est.)
definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 69.9%


male: 80.5%


female: 60.3% (2003 est.)
Maritime claims contiguous zone:
24 NM

continental shelf:
200 NM

exclusive economic zone:
200 NM

territorial sea:
12 NM
contiguous zone: 24 NM


continental shelf: 200 NM


exclusive economic zone: 200 NM


territorial sea: 12 NM
Merchant marine total:
295 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,305,932 GRT/1,853,487 DWT

ships by type:
bulk 22, cargo 237, chemical tanker 1, combination bulk 3, container 8, liquefied gas 1, livestock carrier 2, multi-functional large-load carrier 1, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 7, refrigerated cargo 6, roll on/roll off 5, short-sea passenger 1

note:
includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Cyprus 3, South Korea 1, Malta 1, Panama 1, Russia 1, Singapore 1 (2000 est.)
total: 527 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 2,328,371 GRT/3,294,028 DWT


ships by type: bulk 49, cargo 412, chemical tanker 2, combination bulk 4, container 17, liquefied gas 1, livestock carrier 2, multi-functional large-load carrier 1, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 18, refrigerated cargo 11, roll on/roll off 7, short-sea passenger 2


note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Aruba 1, Belize 11, Bulgaria 3, Cambodia 194, Canada 4, China 25, Cyprus 14, Egypt 10, Estonia 2, France 1, Georgia 1, Germany 1, Gibraltar 1, Greece 13, Honduras 8, Hong Kong 12, Iceland 1, Indonesia 2, Iran 1, Ireland 1, Italy 2, Japan 2, Jordan 1, North Korea, 1, South Korea, 25, Latvia 3, Lebanon 6, Liberia 7, Malaysia 1, Malta 1, Marshall Islands 4, Netherlands 1, Norway 1, Panama 10, Romania 2, Russia 75, Saint Kitts and Nevis 4, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 5, Singapore 17, Syria 20, Turkey 18, Ukraine 16, United Arab Emirates 3, United Kingdom 1, United States 5, Vietnam 3 (2002 est.)
Military branches Royal Cambodian Armed Forces (RCAF), including Army, Navy, and Air Force - created in 1993 by the merger of the Cambodian People's Armed Forces and the two noncommunist resistance armies

note:
Khmer Rouge and royalist insurgent forces were integrated into the RCAF in 1999
Royal Cambodian Armed Forces (RCAF): Army, Navy, Air Force
Military manpower - availability males age 15-49:
2,877,137 (2001 est.)
males age 15-49: 3,275,533 (2003 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service males age 15-49:
1,610,761 (2001 est.)
males age 15-49: 1,829,535 (2003 est.)
Military manpower - military age 18 years of age 18 years of age (2003 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually males:
162,643 (2001 est.)
males: 165,395 (2003 est.)
Nationality noun:
Cambodian(s)

adjective:
Cambodian
noun: Cambodian(s)


adjective: Cambodian
Net migration rate 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Population 12,491,501

note:
estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)
13,124,764


note: estimates for this country take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2003 est.)
Population growth rate 2.25% (2001 est.) 1.8% (2003 est.)
Radios 1.34 million (1997) -
Railways total:
603 km

narrow gauge:
603 km 1.000-m gauge
total: 602 km


narrow gauge: 602 km 1.000-m gauge (2002)
Sex ratio at birth:
1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
0.89 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.69 male(s)/female

total population:
0.94 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.59 male(s)/female


total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2003 est.)
Telephone system general assessment:
adequate landline and/or cellular service in Phnom Penh and other provincial cities; rural areas have little telephone service

domestic:
NA

international:
adequate but expensive landline and cellular service available to all countries from Phnom Penh and major provincial cities; satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region)
general assessment: adequate landline and/or cellular service in Phnom Penh and other provincial cities; rural areas have little telephone service


domestic: NA


international: adequate but expensive landline and cellular service available to all countries from Phnom Penh and major provincial cities; satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region)
Television broadcast stations 5 (1999) 6 (2003)
Total fertility rate 4.74 children born/woman (2001 est.) 3.58 children born/woman (2003 est.)
Waterways 3,700 km

note:
navigable all year to craft drawing 0.6 m or less; 282 km navigable to craft drawing as much as 1.8 m
3,700 km


note: navigable all year to craft drawing 0.6 m or less; 282 km navigable to craft drawing as much as 1.8 m
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