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Compare Cambodia (2001) - Bahrain (2002)

Compare Cambodia (2001) z Bahrain (2002)

 Cambodia (2001)Bahrain (2002)
 CambodiaBahrain
Administrative divisions 20 provinces (khett, singular and plural) and 4 municipalities* (krong, singular and plural); Banteay Mean Cheay, Batdambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong Spoe, Kampong Thum, Kampot, Kandal, Kaoh Kong, Keb*, Kracheh, Mondol Kiri, Otdar Mean Cheay, Pailin*, Phnum Penh*, Pouthisat, Preah Seihanu* (Sihanoukville), Preah Vihear, Prey Veng, Rotanah Kiri, Siem Reab, Stoeng Treng, Svay Rieng, Takev 12 municipalities (manatiq, singular - mintaqah); Al Hadd, Al Manamah, Al Mintaqah al Gharbiyah, Al Mintaqah al Wusta, Al Mintaqah ash Shamaliyah, Al Muharraq, Ar Rifa' wa al Mintaqah al Janubiyah, Jidd Hafs, Madinat Hamad, Madinat 'Isa, Juzur Hawar, Sitrah


note: all municipalities administered from Manama
Age structure 0-14 years:
41.25% (male 2,626,821; female 2,526,510)

15-64 years:
55.28% (male 3,253,611; female 3,651,129)

65 years and over:
3.47% (male 177,577; female 255,853) (2001 est.)
0-14 years: 29.2% (male 97,022; female 94,605)


15-64 years: 67.7% (male 261,919; female 182,727)


65 years and over: 3.1% (male 10,230; female 9,894) (2002 est.)
Agriculture - products rice, rubber, corn, vegetables fruit, vegetables; poultry, dairy products; shrimp, fish
Airports 19 (2000 est.) 4 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways total:
6

2,438 to 3,047 m:
2

1,524 to 2,437 m:
2

914 to 1,523 m:
2 (2000 est.)
total: 3


over 3,047 m: 2 (2002)
Airports - with unpaved runways total:
13

1,524 to 2,437 m:
2

914 to 1,523 m:
11 (2000 est.)
total: 1


1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2002)
Area total:
181,040 sq km

land:
176,520 sq km

water:
4,520 sq km
total: 665 sq km


land: 665 sq km


water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative slightly smaller than Oklahoma 3.5 times the size of Washington, DC
Background Following a five-year struggle, communist Khmer Rouge forces captured Phnom Penh in 1975 and ordered the evacuation of all cities and towns; over 1 million displaced people died from execution or enforced hardships. A 1978 Vietnamese invasion drove the Khmer Rouge into the countryside and touched off 13 years of fighting. UN-sponsored elections in 1993 helped restore some semblance of normalcy, as did the rapid diminishment of the Khmer Rouge in the mid-1990s. A coalition government, formed after national elections in 1998, brought renewed political stability and the surrender of remaining Khmer Rouge forces. Bahrain's small size and central location among Persian Gulf countries require it to play a delicate balancing act in foreign affairs among its larger neighbors. Possessing minimal oil reserves, Bahrain has turned to petroleum processing and refining, and has transformed itself into an international banking center. The new amir, installed in 1999, has pushed economic and political reforms, and has worked to improve relations with the Shi'a community. In February 2001, Bahraini voters approved a referendum on the National Action Charter - the centerpiece of the amir's political liberalization program. In February 2002, Amir HAMAD bin Isa Al Khalifa proclaimed himself king. In local elections held in May 2002, Bahraini women were allowed to vote and run for office for the first time.
Birth rate 33.16 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) 19.53 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Budget revenues:
$363 million

expenditures:
$532 million, including capital expenditures of $225 million (2000 est.)
revenues: $1.8 billion


expenditures: $2.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $700 million (2002 est.)
Capital Phnom Penh Manama
Climate tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers
Coastline 443 km 161 km
Constitution promulgated 21 September 1993 adopted late December 2000; Bahrani voters approved on 13-14 February 2001 a referendum on legislative changes (revised constitution calls for a partially elected legislature, a constitutional monarchy, and an independent judiciary)
Country name conventional long form:
Kingdom of Cambodia

conventional short form:
Cambodia

local long form:
Preahreacheanachakr Kampuchea

local short form:
Kampuchea

former:
Khmer Republic, Kampuchea Republic
conventional long form: Kingdom of Bahrain


conventional short form: Bahrain


local long form: Mamlakat al Bahrayn


local short form: Al Bahrayn


former: Dilmun
Currency riel (KHR) Bahraini dinar (BHD)
Death rate 10.65 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) 3.95 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Debt - external $829 million (1999 est.) $2.8 billion (2000)
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission:
Ambassador Kent M. WIEDEMANN

embassy:
16-18 Mongkol lem St. 228, Phnom Penh

mailing address:
Box P, APO AP 96546

telephone:
[855] (23) 216-436

FAX:
[855] (23) 216-437
chief of mission: Ambassador Ronald E. NEUMANN


embassy: Building #979, Road 3119 (next to Al-Ahli Sports Club), Block 321, Zinj District, Manama


mailing address: American Embassy Manama, PSC 451, FPO AE 09834-5100; international mail: American Embassy, Box 26431, Manama


telephone: [973] 273-300


FAX: [973] 272-594
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission:
Ambassador Roland ENG

chancery:
4500 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20011

telephone:
[1] (202) 726-7742

FAX:
[1] (202) 726-8381
chief of mission: Ambassador Khalifa bin Ali bin Rashid AL KHALIFA


chancery: 3502 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008


telephone: [1] (202) 342-0741


FAX: [1] (202) 362-2192


consulate(s) general: New York
Disputes - international portions of boundary with Vietnam are disputed; parts of border with Thailand are indefinite none
Economic aid - recipient $548 million pledged in grants and concessional loans for 2001 by international donors $48.4 million (1995) (1995)
Economy - overview Cambodia's economy slowed dramatically in 1997-98 due to the regional economic crisis, civil violence, and political infighting. Foreign investment and tourism fell off. In 1999, the first full year of peace in 30 years, progress was made on economic reforms and growth resumed at 4%. GDP growth for 2000 had been projected to reach 5.5%, but the worst flooding in 70 years severely damaged agricultural crops, and high oil prices hurt industrial production, and growth for the year is estimated at only 4%. Tourism is Cambodia's fastest growing industry, with arrivals up 34% in 2000. The long-term development of the economy after decades of war remains a daunting challenge. The population lacks education and productive skills, particularly in the poverty-ridden countryside, which suffers from an almost total lack of basic infrastructure. Fear of renewed political instability and corruption within the government discourage foreign investment and delay foreign aid. On the brighter side, the government is addressing these issues with assistance from bilateral and multilateral donors. In Bahrain, petroleum production and refining account for about 60% of export receipts, 60% of government revenues, and 30% of GDP. With its highly developed communication and transport facilities, Bahrain is home to numerous multinational firms with business in the Gulf. Bahrain is dependent on Saudi Arabia for oil revenue granted as aid. A large share of exports consists of petroleum products made from refining imported crude. Construction proceeds on several major industrial projects. Unemployment, especially among the young, and the depletion of oil and underground water resources are major long-term economic problems.
Electricity - consumption 136.7 million kWh (1999) 5,361.45 million kWh (2000)
Electricity - exports 0 kWh (1999) 0 kWh (2000)
Electricity - imports 0 kWh (1999) 0 kWh (2000)
Electricity - production 147 million kWh (1999) 5.765 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - production by source fossil fuel:
59.18%

hydro:
40.82%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)
fossil fuel: 100%


hydro: 0%


nuclear: 0%


other: 0% (2000)
Elevation extremes lowest point:
Gulf of Thailand 0 m

highest point:
Phnum Aoral 1,810 m
lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m


highest point: Jabal ad Dukhan 122 m
Environment - current issues illegal logging activities throughout the country and strip mining for gems in the western region along the border with Thailand have resulted in habitat loss and declining biodiversity (in particular, destruction of mangrove swamps threatens natural fisheries); soil erosion; in rural areas, a majority of the population does not have access to potable water; toxic waste delivery from Taiwan sparked unrest in Kampong Saom (Sihanoukville) in December 1998 desertification resulting from the degradation of limited arable land, periods of drought, and dust storms; coastal degradation (damage to coastlines, coral reefs, and sea vegetation) resulting from oil spills and other discharges from large tankers, oil refineries, and distribution stations; lack of freshwater resources, groundwater and seawater are the only sources for all water needs
Environment - international agreements party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Marine Life Conservation, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:
Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands


signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Ethnic groups Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4% Bahraini 63%, Asian 19%, other Arab 10%, Iranian 8%
Exchange rates riels per US dollar - 3,909.0 (January 2001), 3,840.8 (2000), 3,807.8 (1999), 3,744.4 (1998), 2,946.3 (1997), 2,624.1 (1996) Bahraini dinars per US dollar - 0.3760 (fixed rate pegged to the US dollar)
Executive branch chief of state:
King Norodom SIHANOUK (reinstated 24 September 1993)

head of government:
Prime Minister HUN SEN (since 30 November 1998)

cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the monarch

elections:
none; the monarch is chosen by a Royal Throne Council; prime minister appointed by the monarch after a vote of confidence by the National Assembly
chief of state: King HAMAD bin Isa Al Khalifa (since 6 March 1999); Heir Apparent Crown Prince SALMAN bin Hamad (son of the monarch, born 21 October 1969)


head of government: Prime Minister KHALIFA bin Salman Al Khalifa (since NA 1971)


cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the monarch


elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister appointed by the monarch
Exports $942 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.) $5.5 billion (2001)
Exports - commodities timber, garments, rubber, rice, fish petroleum and petroleum products, aluminum, textiles
Exports - partners Vietnam 18%, Thailand 15%, US 10%, Singapore 8%, China 5% (1997) India 8.4%, US 3.9%, Saudi Arabia 3.4%, Japan 2.8%, South Korea 2.1% (2000)
Fiscal year calendar year calendar year
Flag description three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (double width), and blue with a white three-towered temple representing Angkor Wat outlined in black in the center of the red band red with a white serrated band (eight white points) on the hoist side
GDP purchasing power parity - $16.1 billion (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $8.4 billion (2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture:
43%

industry:
20%

services:
37% (1998 est.)
agriculture: 1%


industry: 35%


services: 64% (2001 est.)
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $1,300 (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $13,000 (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate 4% (2000 est.) 4% (2001 est.)
Geographic coordinates 13 00 N, 105 00 E 26 00 N, 50 33 E
Geography - note a land of paddies and forests dominated by the Mekong River and Tonle Sap close to primary Middle Eastern petroleum sources; strategic location in Persian Gulf, which much of Western world's petroleum must transit to reach open ocean
Heliports 3 (2000 est.) 1 (2002)
Highways total:
35,769 km

paved:
4,165 km

unpaved:
31,604 km (1997)
total: 3,164 km


paved: 2,433 km


unpaved: 731 km


note: a paved causeway links Bahrain and Saudi Arabia
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%:
2.9%

highest 10%:
33.8% (1997)
lowest 10%: NA%


highest 10%: NA%
Illicit drugs possible money laundering; narcotics-related corruption reportedly involving some in the government, military, and police; possible small-scale opium, heroin, and amphetamine production; large producer of cannabis for the international market -
Imports $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.) $4.5 billion (2001)
Imports - commodities cigarettes, gold, construction materials, petroleum products, machinery, motor vehicles crude oil, machinery, chemicals
Imports - partners Thailand 16%, Vietnam 9%, Japan 7%, Hong Kong 5%, China 5% (1997) Saudi Arabia 28.7%, US 12.5%, UK 6.6%, France 6%, Japan 4% (2000)
Independence 9 November 1953 (from France) 15 August 1971 (from UK)
Industrial production growth rate NA% 2% (2000 est.)
Industries garments, tourism, rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products, rubber, cement, gem mining, textiles petroleum processing and refining, aluminum smelting, offshore banking, ship repairing; tourism
Infant mortality rate 65.41 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) 19.18 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 1.6% (2000 est.) 1.5% (2001 est.)
International organization participation ACCT, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO (subscriber), ITU, NAM, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer) ABEDA, AFESD, AL, AMF, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, GCC, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDB, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 2 (2000) 1 (2000)
Irrigated land 920 sq km (1993 est.) 50 sq km (1998 est.)
Judicial branch Supreme Council of the Magistracy (provided for in the constitution and formed in December 1997); Supreme Court (and lower courts) exercises judicial authority High Civil Appeals Court
Labor force 6 million (1998 est.) 295,000


note: 44% of the population in the 15-64 age group is non-national (July 1998 est.) (1998 est.)
Labor force - by occupation agriculture 80% (1999 est.) industry, commerce, and service 79%, government 20%, agriculture 1% (1997 est.)
Land boundaries total:
2,572 km

border countries:
Laos 541 km, Thailand 803 km, Vietnam 1,228 km
0 km
Land use arable land:
13%

permanent crops:
0%

permanent pastures:
11%

forests and woodland:
66%

other:
10% (1993 est.)
arable land: 4.35%


permanent crops: 4.35%


other: 91.3% (1998 est.)
Languages Khmer (official) 95%, French, English Arabic, English, Farsi, Urdu
Legal system primarily a civil law mixture of French-influenced codes from the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) period, royal decrees, and acts of the legislature, with influences of customary law and remnants of communist legal theory; increasing influence of common law in recent years based on Islamic law and English common law
Legislative branch bicameral consists of the National Assembly (122 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and the Senate (61 seats; two members appointed by the monarch, two elected by the National Assembly, and 57 elected by "functional constituencies"; members serve five-year terms

elections:
National Assembly - last held 26 July 1998 (next to be held NA 2003); Senate - last held 2 March 1999 (next to be held NA 2004)

election results:
National Assembly - percent of vote by party - CPP 41%, FUNCINPEC 32%, SRP 14%, other 13%; seats by party - CPP 64, FUNCINPEC 43, SRP 15; Senate - seats by party - CPP 31, FUNCINPEC 21, SRP 7
bicameral Parliament consists of Shura Council (40 members appointed by the King) and House of Deputies (40 members elected by restricted vote to serve four-year terms)


elections: House of Deputies - last held 31 October 2002 (next election to be held NA 2006)


election results: House of Deputies - percent of vote - NA%; seats by party - independents 21, Sunni Islamists 9, other 10


note: first elections since 7 December 1973; unicameral National Assembly dissolved 26 August 1975; National Action Charter created bicameral legislature on 23 December 2000; approved by referendum 14 February 2001; first legislative session of Parliament held on 25 December 2002
Life expectancy at birth total population:
56.82 years

male:
54.62 years

female:
59.12 years (2001 est.)
total population: 73.47 years


male: 71.05 years


female: 75.96 years (2002 est.)
Literacy definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
35%

male:
48%

female:
22% (1990 est.)
definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 88.5%


male: 91.6%


female: 84.2% (2002 est.)
Location Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, between Thailand, Vietnam, and Laos Middle East, archipelago in the Persian Gulf, east of Saudi Arabia
Map references Southeast Asia Middle East
Maritime claims contiguous zone:
24 NM

continental shelf:
200 NM

exclusive economic zone:
200 NM

territorial sea:
12 NM
contiguous zone: 24 NM


continental shelf: extending to boundaries to be determined


territorial sea: 12 NM
Merchant marine total:
295 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,305,932 GRT/1,853,487 DWT

ships by type:
bulk 22, cargo 237, chemical tanker 1, combination bulk 3, container 8, liquefied gas 1, livestock carrier 2, multi-functional large-load carrier 1, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 7, refrigerated cargo 6, roll on/roll off 5, short-sea passenger 1

note:
includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Cyprus 3, South Korea 1, Malta 1, Panama 1, Russia 1, Singapore 1 (2000 est.)
total: 8 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 270,784 GRT/384,561 DWT


ships by type: bulk 2, cargo 4, container 2, includes a foreign-owned ship registered here as a flag of convenience: Kuwait 1 (2002 est.)
Military branches Royal Cambodian Armed Forces (RCAF), including Army, Navy, and Air Force - created in 1993 by the merger of the Cambodian People's Armed Forces and the two noncommunist resistance armies

note:
Khmer Rouge and royalist insurgent forces were integrated into the RCAF in 1999
Bahrain Defense Forces (BDF) comprising Ground Force (includes Air Defense), Navy, Air Force, Coast Guard, Police Force, Amiri Guards, National Guard
Military expenditures - dollar figure $112 million (FY01 est.) $526.2 million (FY01)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 3% (FY01 est.) 6.7% (FY01)
Military manpower - availability males age 15-49:
2,877,137 (2001 est.)
males age 15-49: 222,572 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service males age 15-49:
1,610,761 (2001 est.)
males age 15-49: 121,955 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - military age 18 years of age 15 years of age (2002 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually males:
162,643 (2001 est.)
males: 5,926 (2002 est.)
National holiday Independence Day, 9 November (1953) National Day, 16 December (1971); note - 15 August 1971 is the date of independence from the UK, 16 December 1971 is the date of independence from British protection
Nationality noun:
Cambodian(s)

adjective:
Cambodian
noun: Bahraini(s)


adjective: Bahraini
Natural hazards monsoonal rains (June to November); flooding; occasional droughts periodic droughts; dust storms
Natural resources timber, gemstones, some iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydropower potential oil, associated and nonassociated natural gas, fish, pearls
Net migration rate 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) 1.09 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Pipelines - crude oil 56 km; petroleum products 16 km; natural gas 32 km
Political parties and leaders Buddhist Liberal Party or BLP [IENG MOULY]; Cambodian Pracheachon Party or Cambodian People's Party or CPP [CHEA SIM]; Khmer Citizen Party or KCP [NGUON SOEUR]; National United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia or FUNCINPEC [Prince NORODOM RANARIDDH]; Sam Rangsi Party or SRP (formerly Khmer Nation Party or KNP) [SAM RANGSI] political parties prohibited but politically oriented nongovernment organizations are allowed
Political pressure groups and leaders NA Shi'a activists fomented unrest sporadically in 1994-97, demanding the return of an elected National Assembly and an end to unemployment; several small, clandestine leftist and Islamic fundamentalist groups are active
Population 12,491,501

note:
estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)
656,397


note: includes 228,424 non-nationals (July 2002 est.)
Population below poverty line 36% (1997 est.) NA%
Population growth rate 2.25% (2001 est.) 1.67% (2002 est.)
Ports and harbors Kampong Saom (Sihanoukville), Kampot, Krong Kaoh Kong, Phnom Penh Manama, Mina' Salman, Sitrah
Radio broadcast stations AM 7, FM 3, shortwave 3 (1999) AM 2, FM 3, shortwave 0 (1998)
Radios 1.34 million (1997) 338,000 (1997)
Railways total:
603 km

narrow gauge:
603 km 1.000-m gauge
0 km
Religions Theravada Buddhist 95%, other 5% Shi'a Muslim 70%, Sunni Muslim 30%
Sex ratio at birth:
1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
0.89 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.69 male(s)/female

total population:
0.94 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 1.43 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 1.03 male(s)/female


total population: 1.29 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Suffrage 18 years of age; universal 18 years of age; universal
Telephone system general assessment:
adequate landline and/or cellular service in Phnom Penh and other provincial cities; rural areas have little telephone service

domestic:
NA

international:
adequate but expensive landline and cellular service available to all countries from Phnom Penh and major provincial cities; satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean region)
general assessment: modern system


domestic: modern fiber-optic integrated services; digital network with rapidly growing use of mobile cellular telephones


international: tropospheric scatter to Qatar and UAE; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia; submarine cable to Qatar, UAE, and Saudi Arabia; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat (1997)
Telephones - main lines in use 21,800 (mid-1998) 152,000 (1997)
Telephones - mobile cellular 80,000 (2000) 58,543 (1997)
Television broadcast stations 5 (1999) 4 (1997)
Terrain mostly low, flat plains; mountains in southwest and north mostly low desert plain rising gently to low central escarpment
Total fertility rate 4.74 children born/woman (2001 est.) 2.75 children born/woman (2002 est.)
Unemployment rate 2.8% (1999 est.) 15% (1998 est.)
Waterways 3,700 km

note:
navigable all year to craft drawing 0.6 m or less; 282 km navigable to craft drawing as much as 1.8 m
none
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