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Compare Burma (2001) - Swaziland (2002)

Compare Burma (2001) z Swaziland (2002)

 Burma (2001)Swaziland (2002)
 BurmaSwaziland
Administrative divisions 7 divisions* (yin-mya, singular - yin) and 7 states (pyine-mya, singular - pyine); Chin State, Ayeyarwady*, Bago*, Kachin State, Kayin State, Kayah State, Magway*, Mandalay*, Mon State, Rakhine State, Sagaing*, Shan State, Tanintharyi*, Yangon* 4 districts; Hhohho, Lubombo, Manzini, Shiselweni
Age structure 0-14 years:
29.14% (male 6,245,798; female 5,992,074)

15-64 years:
66.08% (male 13,779,571; female 13,970,707)

65 years and over:
4.78% (male 895,554; female 1,110,974) (2001 est.)
0-14 years: 45.5% (male 254,573; female 256,677)


15-64 years: 51.9% (male 281,645; female 301,071)


65 years and over: 2.6% (male 12,027; female 17,612) (2002 est.)
Agriculture - products paddy rice, corn, oilseed, sugarcane, pulses; hardwood sugarcane, cotton, corn, tobacco, rice, citrus, pineapples, sorghum, peanuts; cattle, goats, sheep
Airports 80 (2000 est.) 18 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways total:
9

over 3,047 m:
3

2,438 to 3,047 m:
1

1,524 to 2,437 m:
4

914 to 1,523 m:
1 (2000 est.)
total: 1


2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2002)
Airports - with unpaved runways total:
71

over 3,047 m:
2

1,524 to 2,437 m:
15

914 to 1,523 m:
22

under 914 m:
32 (2000 est.)
total: 17


914 to 1,523 m: 7


under 914 m: 10 (2002)
Area total:
678,500 sq km

land:
657,740 sq km

water:
20,760 sq km
total: 17,363 sq km


land: 17,203 sq km


water: 160 sq km
Area - comparative slightly smaller than Texas slightly smaller than New Jersey
Background Despite multiparty elections in 1990 that resulted in the main opposition party winning a decisive victory, the military junta ruling the country refused to hand over power. Key opposition leader and Nobel Peace Prize recipient AUNG San Suu Kyi, under house arrest from 1989 to 1995, was again placed under house detention in September 2000; her supporters are routinely harassed or jailed. Autonomy for the Swazis of southern Africa was guaranteed by the British in the late 19th century; independence was granted 1968. Student and labor unrest during the 1990s have pressured the monarchy (one of the oldest on the continent) to grudgingly allow political reform and greater democracy.
Birth rate 20.13 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) 39.59 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Budget revenues:
$7.9 billion

expenditures:
$12.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $5.7 billion (FY96/97)
revenues: $448 million


expenditures: $506.9 million, including capital expenditures of $147 million (FY01/02 )
Capital Rangoon (regime refers to the capital as Yangon) Mbabane; note - Lobamba is the royal and legislative capital
Climate tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April) varies from tropical to near temperate
Coastline 1,930 km 0 km (landlocked)
Constitution 3 January 1974 (suspended since 18 September 1988); national convention started on 9 January 1993 to draft a new constitution; progress has since been stalled none; constitution of 6 September 1968 was suspended 12 April 1973; a new constitution was promulgated 13 October 1978, but was not formally presented to the people; since then a few more outlines for a constitution have been compiled under the Constitutional Review Commission (CRC), but so far none have been accepted
Country name conventional long form:
Union of Burma

conventional short form:
Burma

local long form:
Pyidaungzu Myanma Naingngandaw (translated by the US Government as Union of Myanma and by the Burmese as Union of Myanmar)

local short form:
Myanma Naingngandaw

former:
Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma
conventional long form: Kingdom of Swaziland


conventional short form: Swaziland
Currency kyat (MMK) lilangeni (SZL)
Death rate 12.3 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) 23.26 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Debt - external $6 billion (FY99/00 est.) $336 million (2001 est.)
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission:
Permanent Charge d'Affaires Priscilla A. CLAPP

embassy:
581 Merchant Street, Rangoon (GPO 521)

mailing address:
Box B, APO AP 96546

telephone:
[95] (1) 282055, 282182

FAX:
[95] (1) 280409
chief of mission: Ambassador James D. McGEE


embassy: Central Bank Building, Warner Street, Mbabane


mailing address: P. O. Box 199, Mbabane


telephone: [268] 404-6441 through 404-6445


FAX: [268] 404-5959
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission:
Ambassador-designate U LINN MYAING

chancery:
2300 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone:
[1] (202) 332-9044

FAX:
[1] (202) 332-9046

consulate(s) general:
New York
chief of mission: Ambassador Mary Madzandza KANYA


chancery: 3400 International Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008


telephone: [1] (202) 362-6683


FAX: [1] (202) 244-8059
Disputes - international sporadic border hostilities with Thailand over border alignment and ethnic Shan rebels operating in cross-border region Swaziland continues to press South Africa into ceding ethnic Swazi lands in Kangwane region of KwaZulu-Natal province that were long ago part of the Swazi Kingdom
Economic aid - recipient $99 million (FY98/99) $104 million (2001)
Economy - overview Burma has a mixed economy with private activity dominant in agriculture, light industry, and transport, and with substantial state-controlled activity, mainly in energy, heavy industry, and the rice trade. Government policy in the 1990s has aimed at revitalizing the economy after three decades of tight central planning. Private activity markedly increased in the early to mid-1990s, but began to decline in the past several years due to frustrations with the unfriendly business environment and political pressure from western nations. Published estimates of Burma's foreign trade are greatly understated because of the volume of black-market, illicit, and border trade. A major ongoing problem is the failure to achieve monetary and fiscal stability. Burma remains a poor Asian country and living standards for the majority have not improved over the past decade. Short-term growth will continue to be restrained because of poor government planning and minimal foreign investment. In this small landlocked economy, subsistence agriculture occupies more than 80% of the population. Manufacturing features a number of agroprocessing factories. Mining has declined in importance in recent years: diamond mines have shut down because of the depletion of easily accessible reserves; high-grade iron ore deposits were depleted by 1978; and health concerns have cut world demand for asbestos. Exports of soft drink concentrate, sugar, and wood pulp are the main earners of hard currency. Surrounded by South Africa, except for a short border with Mozambique, Swaziland is heavily dependent on South Africa from which it receives nine-tenths of its imports and to which it sends more than two-thirds of its exports. Remittances from the Southern African Customs Union and Swazi workers in South African mines substantially supplement domestically earned income. The government is trying to improve the atmosphere for foreign investment. Overgrazing, soil depletion, drought, and sometimes floods persist as problems for the future. Prospects for 2002 are strengthened by the country's status as a beneficiary of the US African Growth and Opportunity Act initiative.
Electricity - consumption 4.476 billion kWh (1999) 900.66 million kWh (2000)
Electricity - exports 0 kWh (1999) 0 kWh (2000)
Electricity - imports 0 kWh (1999) 564 million kWh


note: supplied by South Africa (2000)
Electricity - production 4.813 billion kWh (1999) 362 million kWh (2000)
Electricity - production by source fossil fuel:
68.56%

hydro:
31.44%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)
fossil fuel: 56%


hydro: 44%


nuclear: 0%


other: 0% (2000)
Elevation extremes lowest point:
Andaman Sea 0 m

highest point:
Hkakabo Razi 5,881 m
lowest point: Great Usutu River 21 m


highest point: Emlembe 1,862 m
Environment - current issues deforestation; industrial pollution of air, soil, and water; inadequate sanitation and water treatment contribute to disease limited supplies of potable water; wildlife populations being depleted because of excessive hunting; overgrazing; soil degradation; soil erosion
Environment - international agreements party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94

signed, but not ratified:
none of the selected agreements
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection


signed, but not ratified: Desertification, Law of the Sea
Ethnic groups Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Mon 2%, Indian 2%, other 5% African 97%, European 3%
Exchange rates kyats per US dollar - official rate - 6.5972 (January 2001), 6.5167 (2000), 6.2858 (1999), 6.3432 (1998), 6.2418 (1997), 5.9176 (1996); kyats per US dollar - black market exchange rate - 435 (yearend 2000) emalangeni per US dollar - 11.5808 (January 2002), 8.4933 (2001), 6.9056 (2000), 6.1087 (1999), 5.4807 (1998), 4.6032 (1997); note - the Swazi lilangeni is at par with the South African rand; emalangeni is the plural form of lilangeni
Executive branch chief of state:
Prime Minister and Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council Gen. THAN SHWE (since 23 April 1992); note - the prime minister is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government:
Prime Minister and Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council Gen. THAN SHWE (since 23 April 1992); note - the prime minister is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet:
State Peace and Development Council (SPDC); military junta, so named 15 November 1997, which initially assumed power 18 September 1988 under the name State Law and Order Restoration Council; the SPDC oversees the cabinet

elections:
none; the prime minister assumed power upon resignation of the former prime minister
chief of state: King MSWATI III (since 25 April 1986)


head of government: Prime Minister Sibusiso Barnabas DLAMINI (since 9 August 1996)


cabinet: Cabinet recommended by the prime minister and confirmed by the monarch


elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister appointed by the monarch
Exports $1.3 billion (f.o.b., 1999) $702 million f.o.b. (2001)
Exports - commodities apparel 36%, foodstuffs 22%, wood products 21%, precious stones 5% (1999) soft drink concentrates, sugar, wood pulp, cotton yarn, refrigerators, citrus and canned fruit
Exports - partners India 13%, Singapore 11%, China 11%, US 8% (1999 est.)

note:
official trade statistics do not include trade in illicit goods - such as narcotics, teak, and gems - or the largely unrecorded border trade with China and Thailand
South Africa 72%, EU 12%, UK 6%, Mozambique 4%, US 4% (1999)
Fiscal year 1 April - 31 March 1 April - 31 March
Flag description red with a blue rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner bearing, all in white, 14 five-pointed stars encircling a cogwheel containing a stalk of rice; the 14 stars represent the 14 administrative divisions three horizontal bands of blue (top), red (triple width), and blue; the red band is edged in yellow; centered in the red band is a large black and white shield covering two spears and a staff decorated with feather tassels, all placed horizontally
GDP purchasing power parity - $63.7 billion (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $4.6 billion (2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture:
42%

industry:
17%

services:
41% (2000 est.)
agriculture: 10%


industry: 43%


services: 47% (1999 est.)
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $1,500 (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $4,200 (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate 4.9% (2000 est.) 2.5% (2001 est.)
Geographic coordinates 22 00 N, 98 00 E 26 30 S, 31 30 E
Geography - note strategic location near major Indian Ocean shipping lanes landlocked; almost completely surrounded by South Africa
Heliports 1 (2000 est.) -
Highways total:
28,200 km

paved:
3,440 km

unpaved:
24,760 km (1996)
total: 3,800 km


paved: 1,064 km


unpaved: 2,736 km (2002)
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%:
2.8%

highest 10%:
32.4% (1998)
lowest 10%: NA%


highest 10%: NA%
Illicit drugs world's second largest producer of illicit opium, after Afghanistan (potential production in 1999 - 1,090 metric tons, down 38% due to drought; cultivation in 1999 - 89,500 hectares, a 31% decline from 1998); surrender of drug warlord KHUN SA's Mong Tai Army in January 1996 was hailed by Rangoon as a major counternarcotics success, but lack of government will and ability to take on major narcotrafficking groups and lack of serious commitment against money laundering continues to hinder the overall antidrug effort; becoming a major source of methamphetamine for regional consumption -
Imports $2.5 billion (f.o.b., 1999) $850 million f.o.b. (2001)
Imports - commodities machinery, transport equipment, construction materials, food products motor vehicles, machinery, transport equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products, chemicals
Imports - partners Singapore 28%, Thailand 12%, China 10%, Japan 10%, South Korea 9% (1999 est.) South Africa 89%, EU 5%, Japan 2%, Singapore 2% (2000)
Independence 4 January 1948 (from UK) 6 September 1968 (from UK)
Industrial production growth rate NA% 3.7% (FY95/96)
Industries agricultural processing; textiles and footwear; wood and wood products; copper, tin, tungsten, iron; construction materials; pharmaceuticals; fertilizer mining (coal), wood pulp, sugar, soft drink concentrates, textile and apparel
Infant mortality rate 73.71 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) 109.43 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 18% (1999) 7.5% (2001 est.)
International organization participation ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat (nonsignatory user), Interpol, IOC, ITU, NAM, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, ISO (correspondent), ITU, NAM, OAU, OPCW, PCA, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 1

note:
as of September 2000, Internet connections were legal only for the government, tourist offices, and a few large businesses (2000)
6 (2001)
Irrigated land 10,680 sq km (1993 est.) 690 sq km (1998 est.)
Judicial branch remnants of the British-era legal system are in place, but there is no guarantee of a fair public trial; the judiciary is not independent of the executive High Court; Court of Appeal; judges for both courts are appointed by the monarch
Labor force 19.7 million (FY98/99 est.) NA
Labor force - by occupation agriculture 65%, industry 10%, services 25% (1999 est.) NA
Land boundaries total:
5,876 km

border countries:
Bangladesh 193 km, China 2,185 km, India 1,463 km, Laos 235 km, Thailand 1,800 km
total: 535 km


border countries: Mozambique 105 km, South Africa 430 km
Land use arable land:
15%

permanent crops:
1%

permanent pastures:
1%

forests and woodland:
49%

other:
34% (1993 est.)
arable land: 9.77%


permanent crops: 0.7%


other: 89.53% (1998 est.)
Languages Burmese, minority ethnic groups have their own languages English (official, government business conducted in English), siSwati (official)
Legal system has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction based on South African Roman-Dutch law in statutory courts and Swazi traditional law and custom in traditional courts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch unicameral People's Assembly or Pyithu Hluttaw (485 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)

elections:
last held 27 May 1990, but Assembly never convened

election results:
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NLD 392, SNLD 23, NUP 10, other 60
bicameral Parliament or Libandla, an advisory body, consists of the Senate (30 seats - 10 appointed by the House of Assembly and 20 appointed by the monarch; members serve five-year terms) and the House of Assembly (65 seats - 10 appointed by the monarch and 55 elected by popular vote; members serve five-year terms)


elections: House of Assembly - last held 16 and 24 October 1998 (next to be held NA 2003)


election results: House of Assembly - balloting is done on a nonparty basis; candidates for election are nominated by the local council of each constituency and for each constituency the three candidates with the most votes in the first round of voting are narrowed to a single winner by a second round
Life expectancy at birth total population:
55.16 years

male:
53.73 years

female:
56.68 years (2001 est.)
total population: 37 years


male: 36.35 years


female: 37.66 years (2002 est.)
Literacy definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
83.1%

male:
88.7%

female:
77.7% (1995 est.)

note:
these are official statistics; estimates of functional literacy are likely closer to 30% (1999 est.)
definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 78.3%


male: 78%


female: 78.4% (1999 est.)
Location Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Bangladesh and Thailand Southern Africa, between Mozambique and South Africa
Map references Southeast Asia Africa
Maritime claims contiguous zone:
24 NM

continental shelf:
200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin

exclusive economic zone:
200 NM

territorial sea:
12 NM
none (landlocked)
Merchant marine total:
37 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 411,181 GRT/632,769 DWT

ships by type:
bulk 11, cargo 20, container 1, passenger/cargo 3, petroleum tanker 2

note:
includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Japan 2 (2000 est.)
-
Military branches Army, Navy, Air Force Umbutfo Swaziland Defense Force (Army), Royal Swaziland Police Force
Military expenditures - dollar figure $39 million (FY97/98) $20 million (FY01/02)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 2.1% (FY97/98) 4.75% (FY00/01)
Military manpower - availability males age 15-49:
12,050,964

females age 15-49:
12,070,017

note:
both sexes liable for military service (2001 est.)
males age 15-49: 253,510 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service males age 15-49:
6,425,514

females age 15-49:
6,419,677 (2001 est.)
males age 15-49: 146,805 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - military age 18 years of age -
Military manpower - reaching military age annually males:
470,667

females:
479,691 (2001 est.)
-
National holiday Independence Day, 4 January (1948) Independence Day, 6 September (1968)
Nationality noun:
Burmese (singular and plural)

adjective:
Burmese
noun: Swazi(s)


adjective: Swazi
Natural hazards destructive earthquakes and cyclones; flooding and landslides common during rainy season (June to September); periodic droughts drought
Natural resources petroleum, timber, tin, antimony, zinc, copper, tungsten, lead, coal, some marble, limestone, precious stones, natural gas, hydropower asbestos, coal, clay, cassiterite, hydropower, forests, small gold and diamond deposits, quarry stone, and talc
Net migration rate -1.84 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Pipelines crude oil 1,343 km; natural gas 330 km -
Political parties and leaders National League for Democracy or NLD [AUNG SHWE, chairman, AUNG SAN SUU KYI, general secretary]; National Unity Party or NUP (proregime) [THA KYAW]; Shan Nationalities League for Democracy or SNLD [U KHUN TUN OO]; Union Solidarity and Development Association or USDA (proregime, a social and political organization) [THAN AUNG, general secretary]; and other smaller parties political parties are banned by the constitution - the following are considered political associations - Imbokodvo National Movement or INM [leader NA]; Ngwane National Libertatory Congress or NNLC [Obed DLAMINI, president]; People's United Democratic Movement or PUDEMO [Mario MASUKU, president]; Swaziland National Front or SWANAFRO [Elmond SHONGWE, president]
Political pressure groups and leaders All Burma Student Democratic Front or ABSDF; Kachin Independence Army or KIA; Karen National Union or KNU; National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma or NCGUB [Dr. SEIN WIN] consists of individuals legitimately elected to the People's Assembly but not recognized by the military regime; the group fled to a border area and joined with insurgents in December 1990 to form a parallel government; several Shan factions; United Wa State Army or UWSA NA
Population 41,994,678

note:
estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2001 est.)
1,123,605


note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2002 est.)
Population below poverty line 23% (1997 est.) NA%
Population growth rate 0.6% (2001 est.) 1.63% (2002 est.)
Ports and harbors Bassein, Bhamo, Chauk, Mandalay, Moulmein, Myitkyina, Rangoon, Akyab (Sittwe), Tavoy none
Radio broadcast stations AM 2, FM 3, shortwave 3 (1998) AM 3, FM 2 plus 4 repeaters, shortwave 3 (2001)
Radios 4.2 million (1997) 170,000 (1999)
Railways total:
3,991 km

narrow gauge:
3,991 km 1.000-m gauge
total: 297 km


narrow gauge: 297 km 1.067-m gauge


note: includes 71 km which are not in use (2001)
Religions Buddhist 89%, Christian 4% (Baptist 3%, Roman Catholic 1%), Muslim 4%, animist 1%, other 2% Zionist (a blend of Christianity and indigenous ancestral worship) 40%, Roman Catholic 20%, Muslim 10%, Anglican, Bahai, Methodist, Mormon, Jewish and other 30%
Sex ratio at birth:
1.06 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
0.99 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.81 male(s)/female

total population:
0.99 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 0.99 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.68 male(s)/female


total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Suffrage 18 years of age; universal 18 years of age
Telephone system general assessment:
meets minimum requirements for local and intercity service for business and government; international service is good

domestic:
NA

international:
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)
general assessment: a somewhat modern but not an advanced system


domestic: system consists of carrier-equipped, open-wire lines and low-capacity, microwave radio relay


international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Telephones - main lines in use 250,000 (2000) 38,500 (2001)
Telephones - mobile cellular 8,492 (1997) 45,000 (2001)
Television broadcast stations 2 (1998) 5 plus 7 relay stations (2001)
Terrain central lowlands ringed by steep, rugged highlands mostly mountains and hills; some moderately sloping plains
Total fertility rate 2.3 children born/woman (2001 est.) 5.77 children born/woman (2002 est.)
Unemployment rate 7.1% (official FY97/98 est.) 34% (2000 est.)
Waterways 12,800 km

note:
3,200 km navigable by large commercial vessels
none
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