Compare Bermuda (2002) - Tonga (2005)

Compare Bermuda (2002) z Tonga (2005)

	Bermuda (2002)	Tonga (2005)

Administrative divisions	9 parishes and 2 municipalities; Devonshire, Hamilton, Hamilton, Paget, Pembroke, Saint George, Saint George's, Sandys, Smith's, Southampton, Warwick*	3 island groups; Ha'apai, Tongatapu, Vava'u
Age structure	0-14 years: 19.2% (male 6,058; female 6,225) 15-64 years: 69.4% (male 21,950; female 22,442) 65 years and over: 11.4% (male 3,163; female 4,122) (2002 est.)	0-14 years: 36.2% (male 20,738/female 19,907) 15-64 years: 59.7% (male 33,226/female 33,853) 65 years and over: 4.2% (male 2,031/female 2,667) (2005 est.)
Agriculture - products	bananas, vegetables, citrus, flowers; dairy products	squash, coconuts, copra, bananas, vanilla beans, cocoa, coffee, ginger, black pepper; fish
Airports	1 (2002)	6 (2004 est.)
Airports - with paved runways	total: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2002)	total: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways	-	total: 5 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 3 under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)
Area	total: 53.3 sq km land: 53.3 sq km water: 0 sq km	total: 748 sq km land: 718 sq km water: 30 sq km
Area - comparative	about one-third the size of Washington, DC	four times the size of Washington, DC
Background	Bermuda was first settled in 1609 by shipwrecked English colonists headed for Virginia. Tourism to the island to escape North American winters first developed in Victorian times. Tourism continues to be important to the island's economy, although international business has overtaken it in recent years. Bermuda has developed into a highly successful offshore financial center. A referendum on independence was soundly defeated in 1995.	The archipelago of "The Friendly Islands" was united into a Polynesian kingdom in 1845. It became a constitutional monarchy in 1875 and a British protectorate in 1900. Tonga acquired its independence in 1970 and became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. It remains the only monarchy in the Pacific.
Birth rate	11.82 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)	25.18 births/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Budget	revenues: $609.5 million expenditures: $574.6 million, including capital expenditures of $54.8 million (FY00/01)	revenues: $39.9 million expenditures: $52.4 million, including capital expenditures of $1.9 million (FY99/00 est.)
Capital	Hamilton	Nuku'alofa
Climate	subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winter	tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December)
Coastline	103 km	419 km
Constitution	8 June 1968, amended 1989	4 November 1875; revised 1 January 1967
Country name	conventional long form: none conventional short form: Bermuda former: Somers Islands	conventional long form: Kingdom of Tonga conventional short form: Tonga former: Friendly Islands
Currency	Bermudian dollar (BMD)	-
Death rate	7.49 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)	5.35 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Debt - external	$145 million (FY99/00)	$63.4 million (2001)
Dependency status	overseas territory of the UK	-
Diplomatic representation from the US	chief of mission: Consul General Denis Patrick COLEMAN, Jr. consulate(s) general: Crown Hill, 16 Middle Road, Devonshire DVQ3 mailing address: P. O. Box HM325, Hamilton HMBX; American Consulate General Hamilton, Department of State, 5300 Hamilton Place, Washington, DC 20520-5300 telephone: [1] (441) 295-1342 FAX: [1] (441) 295-1592, [1] (441) 296-9233	the US does not have an embassy in Tonga; the ambassador to Fiji is accredited to Tonga
Diplomatic representation in the US	none (overseas territory of the UK)	chief of mission: Ambassador Fekitamoeloa 'UTOIKAMANU chancery: 250 East 51st Street, New York, NY 10022 telephone: [1] (917) 369-1025 FAX: [1] (917) 369-1024 consulate(s) general: San Francisco
Disputes - international	none	none
Economic aid - recipient	$NA	Australia $5.5 million, New Zealand $2.3 million (FY01/02)
Economy - overview	Bermuda enjoys one of the highest per capita incomes in the world, with its economy primarily based on providing financial services for international business and luxury facilities for tourists. The effects of 11 September 2001 have had both positive and negative ramifications for Bermuda. On the positive side, a number of new reinsurance companies have located on the island, contributing to the expansion of an already robust international business sector. On the negative side, Bermuda's already weakening tourism industry - which derives over 80% of its visitors from the US - has been further hit as American tourists have chosen not to travel. Most capital equipment and food must be imported, with the US serving as the primary source of goods, followed by the UK. Bermuda's industrial sector is small, although construction continues to be important. Agriculture is limited, only 6% of the land being arable.	Tonga, a small, open, South Pacific island economy, has a narrow export base in agricultural goods. Squash, coconuts, bananas, and vanilla beans are the main crops, and agricultural exports make up two-thirds of total exports. The country must import a high proportion of its food, mainly from New Zealand. Tourism is the second largest source of hard currency earnings following remittances. The country remains dependent on external aid and remittances from Tongan communities overseas to offset its trade deficit. The government is emphasizing the development of the private sector, especially the encouragement of investment, and is committing increased funds for health and education. Tonga has a reasonably sound basic infrastructure and well-developed social services. High unemployment among the young, a continuing upturn in inflation, and rising civil service expenditures are major issues facing the government.
Electricity - consumption	553.35 million kWh (2000)	23.06 million kWh (2002)
Electricity - exports	0 kWh (2000)	0 kWh (2002)
Electricity - imports	0 kWh (2000)	0 kWh (2002)
Electricity - production	595 million kWh (2000)	24.79 million kWh (2002)
Electricity - production by source	fossil fuel: 100% hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2000)	-
Elevation extremes	lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m highest point: Town Hill 76 m	lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: unnamed location on Kao Island 1,033 m
Environment - current issues	asbestos disposal; water pollution; preservation of open space; sustainable development	deforestation results as more and more land is being cleared for agriculture and settlement; some damage to coral reefs from starfish and indiscriminate coral and shell collectors; overhunting threatens native sea turtle populations
Environment - international agreements	-	party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Ethnic groups	black 58%, white 36%, other 6%	Polynesian, Europeans about 300
Exchange rates	Bermudian dollar per US dollar - 1.0000 (fixed rate pegged to the US dollar)	pa'anga per US dollar - 1.9716 (2004), 2.142 (2003), 2.1952 (2002), 2.1236 (2001), 1.7585 (2000)
Executive branch	chief of state: Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Sir John VEREKER (since NA April 2002) head of government: Premier Jennifer SMITH (since 10 November 1998) cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the premier, appointed by the governor elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; governor appointed by the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually appointed premier by the governor	chief of state: King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV (since 16 December 1965) head of government: Prime Minister Prince Lavaka ata ULUKALALA (since 3 January 2000) and Deputy Prime Minister James C. COCKER (since NA January 2001) cabinet: cabinet consists of 16 members, 12 appointed by the monarch for life; 4 appointed from among the elected members of the Legislative Assembly including 2 each from the Nobles and Peoples representatives serving three year terms note: there is also a Privy Council that consists of the monarch, the Cabinet, and two governors elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed for life by the monarch
Exports	$51 million (2000)	NA
Exports - commodities	reexports of pharmaceuticals	squash, fish, vanilla beans, root crops
Exports - partners	EU excluding UK 77.9%, US 9.8%, UK 6.9% (1999)	Japan 37.1%, China 18.7%, US 17.7%, Taiwan 8.7%, New Zealand 7.4% (2004)
Fiscal year	1 April - 31 March	1 July - 30 June
Flag description	red, with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant and the Bermudian coat of arms (white and green shield with a red lion holding a scrolled shield showing the sinking of the ship Sea Venture off Bermuda in 1609) centered on the outer half of the flag	red with a bold red cross on a white rectangle in the upper hoist-side corner
GDP	purchasing power parity - $2.2 billion (2001 est.)	-
GDP - composition by sector	agriculture: 1% industry: 10% services: 89% (1995 est.)	agriculture: 23% industry: 13% services: 64% (2002 est.)
GDP - per capita	purchasing power parity - $34,800 (2001 est.)	purchasing power parity - $2,300 (2002 est.)
GDP - real growth rate	2.9% (2001 est.)	1.5% (2002 est.)
Geographic coordinates	32 20 N, 64 45 W	20 00 S, 175 00 W
Geography - note	consists of about 138 coral islands and islets with ample rainfall, but no rivers or freshwater lakes; some land, reclaimed and otherwise, was leased by US Government from 1941 to 1995	archipelago of 169 islands (36 inhabited)
Highways	total: 450 km paved: 450 km unpaved: 0 km note: public roads - 209 km; private roads - 241 km (2002)	total: 680 km paved: 184 km unpaved: 496 km (1999 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share	lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%	lowest 10%: NA highest 10%: NA
Imports	$719 million (2000)	NA
Imports - commodities	machinery and transport equipment, construction materials, chemicals, food and live animals	foodstuffs, machinery and transport equipment, fuels, chemicals
Imports - partners	EU excluding UK 35.4%, US 17.8%, UK 15.4%, Russia 14.6% (1999)	New Zealand 37.1%, Fiji 24.3%, Australia 9.1%, China 8.9%, US 6.3% (2004)
Independence	none (overseas territory of the UK)	4 June 1970 (from UK protectorate)
Industrial production growth rate	NA%	8.6% (FY98/99)
Industries	tourism, international business, light manufacturing	tourism, fishing
Infant mortality rate	9.28 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)	total: 12.62 deaths/1,000 live births male: 13.97 deaths/1,000 live births female: 11.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)	3% (July 2001)	10.3% (2002 est.)
International organization participation	Caricom (observer), CCC, ICFTU, Interpol (subbureau), IOC	ACP, AsDB, C, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ITU, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)	20 (2000)	-
Irrigated land	NA sq km	NA
Judicial branch	Supreme Court; Court of Appeal; Magistrate Courts	Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the monarch); Court of Appeal (consists of the Privy Council with the addition of the chief justice of the Supreme Court)
Labor force	37,472 (2000)	33,910 (1996)
Labor force - by occupation	clerical 22%, services 20%, laborers 17%, professional and technical 17%, administrative and managerial 13%, sales 8%, agriculture and fishing 3% (2000 est.)	agriculture 65% (1997 est.)
Land boundaries	0 km	0 km
Land use	arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (55% developed, 45% rural/open space) (1998 est.)	arable land: 23.61% permanent crops: 43.06% other: 33.33% (2001)
Languages	English (official), Portuguese	Tongan, English
Legal system	English law	based on English law
Legislative branch	bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (an 11-member body appointed by the governor, the premier, and the opposition) and the House of Assembly (40 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last general election held 9 November 1998 (next to be held NA November 2003) election results: percent of vote by party - PLP 54%, UBP 44%, NLP 1%, independents 1%; seats by party - PLP 26, UBP 14	unicameral Legislative Assembly or Fale Alea (30 seats - 12 reserved for cabinet ministers sitting ex officio, nine for nobles selected by the country's 33 nobles, and nine elected by popular vote; members serve three-year terms) elections: last held 21 March 2005 (next to be held in 2008) election results: Peoples Representatives: percent of vote - HRDMT 70%; seats - HRDMT 7, independents 2
Life expectancy at birth	total population: 77.3 years male: 75.21 years female: 79.27 years (2002 est.)	total population: 69.53 years male: 67.05 years female: 72.14 years (2005 est.)
Literacy	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 98% male: 98% female: 99% (1970 est.)	definition: can read and write Tongan and/or English total population: 98.9% male: 98.8% female: 99% (1996 est.)
Location	North America, group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, east of North Carolina (US)	Oceania, archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand
Map references	North America	Oceania
Maritime claims	exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM territorial sea: 12 NM	territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Merchant marine	total: 102 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 5,485,450 GRT/8,782,869 DWT ships by type: bulk 28, cargo 4, container 16, liquefied gas 6, passenger 3, petroleum tanker 17, refrigerated cargo 16, roll on/roll off 9, short-sea passenger 3 note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Croatia 5, Denmark 2, Germany 1, Greece 1, Hong Kong 9, Indonesia 1, Norway 2, Sweden 11, United Kingdom 52, United States 13 (2002 est.)	total: 29 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 136,977 GRT/200,751 DWT by type: cargo 21, chemical tanker 1, liquefied gas 2, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 1, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 1, vehicle carrier 1 foreign-owned: 7 (Cyprus 1, France 1, Greece 1, Norway 1, Romania 2, United Kingdom 1) (2005)
Military - note	defense is the responsibility of the UK	-
Military branches	no regular indigenous military forces; Bermuda Regiment, Bermuda Police Force, Bermuda Reserve Constabulary	Tonga Defense Services: Ground Forces (Royal Marines, Royal Guard), Maritime Force (includes Air Wing)
Military expenditures - dollar figure	$4,027,970 (January 2002)	NA
Military expenditures - percent of GDP	0.11% (FY00/01)	NA
National holiday	Bermuda Day, 24 May	Emancipation Day, 4 June (1970)
Nationality	noun: Bermudian(s) adjective: Bermudian	noun: Tongan(s) adjective: Tongan
Natural hazards	hurricanes (June to November)	cyclones (October to April); earthquakes and volcanic activity on Fonuafo'ou
Natural resources	limestone, pleasant climate fostering tourism	fish, fertile soil
Net migration rate	2.61 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)	0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.)
Political parties and leaders	National Liberal Party or NLP [Dessaline WALDRON]; Progressive Labor Party or PLP [Jennifer SMITH]; United Bermuda Party or UBP [Chairman Wayne FURBERT]	there are no political parties
Political pressure groups and leaders	Bermuda Employer's Union [Eddie SAINTS]; Bermuda Industrial Union or BIU [Derrick BURGESS]; Bermuda Public Services Association or BPSA [leader NA]; Bermuda Union of Teachers [Michael CHARLES]	Human Rights and Democracy Movement Tonga or HRDMT [Rev. Simote VEA, chairman]
Population	63,960 (July 2002 est.)	112,422 (July 2005 est.)
Population below poverty line	NA%	NA
Population growth rate	0.69% (2002 est.)	1.98% (2005 est.)
Ports and harbors	Hamilton, Saint George's, Dockyard	Nuku'alofa
Radio broadcast stations	AM 5, FM 3, shortwave 0 (1998)	AM 1, FM 4, shortwave 1 (2004)
Radios	82,000 (1997)	-
Railways	0 km	-
Religions	non-Anglican Protestant 39%, Anglican 27%, Roman Catholic 15%, other 19%	Christian (Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents)
Sex ratio	at birth: 0.94 male(s)/female under 15 years: 0.97 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2002 est.)	at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2005 est.)
Suffrage	18 years of age; universal	21 years of age; universal
Telephone system	general assessment: NA domestic: modern, fully automatic telephone system international: 3 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)	general assessment: competition between Tonga Telecommunications Corporation (TCC) and Shoreline Communications Tonga (SCT) is accelerating expansion of telecommunications; SCT recently granted authority to develop high-speed digital service for telephone, Internet, and television domestic: fully automatic switched network international: country code - 676; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (2004)
Telephones - main lines in use	52,000 (1997)	11,200 (2002)
Telephones - mobile cellular	7,980 (1996)	9,000 (2004)
Television broadcast stations	3 (1997)	3 (2004)
Terrain	low hills separated by fertile depressions	most islands have limestone base formed from uplifted coral formation; others have limestone overlying volcanic base
Total fertility rate	1.81 children born/woman (2002 est.)	3 children born/woman (2005 est.)
Unemployment rate	4.5% (1993)	13.3% (1996 est.)
Waterways	none	-

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