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Compare Mongolia (2003) - Yemen (2001)

Compare Mongolia (2003) z Yemen (2001)

 Mongolia (2003)Yemen (2001)
 MongoliaYemen
Administrative divisions 21 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 1 municipality* (singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan Uul, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan, Govi-Altay, Govi-Sumber, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Orhon, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs 17 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Abyan, 'Adan, Al Bayda', Al Hudaydah, Al Jawf, Al Mahrah, Al Mahwit, 'Ataq, Dhamar, Hadhramawt, Hajjah, Ibb, Lahij, Ma'rib, Sa'dah, San'a', Ta'izz

note:
there may be three more governorates: Al Daleh, Shabwah, and the capital city of Sana'a
Age structure 0-14 years: 30.7% (male 423,081; female 408,119)


15-64 years: 65.7% (male 890,482; female 892,140)


65 years and over: 3.6% (male 42,292; female 56,201) (2003 est.)
0-14 years:
47.21% (male 4,340,436; female 4,195,076)

15-64 years:
49.79% (male 4,598,301; female 4,402,402)

65 years and over:
3% (male 274,202; female 267,618) (2001 est.)
Agriculture - products wheat, barley, potatoes, forage crops; sheep, goats, cattle, camels, horses grain, fruits, vegetables, pulses, qat (mildly narcotic shrub), coffee, cotton; dairy products, livestock (sheep, goats, cattle, camels), poultry; fish
Airports 50 (2002) 50 (2000 est.)
Airports - with paved runways total: 10


2,438 to 3,047 m: 9


under 914 m: 1 (2002)
total:
13

over 3,047 m:
2

2,438 to 3,047 m:
8

1,524 to 2,437 m:
1

914 to 1,523 m:
1

under 914 m:
1 (2000 est.)
Airports - with unpaved runways total: 40


over 3,047 m: 3


2,438 to 3,047 m: 9


1,524 to 2,437 m: 13


914 to 1,523 m: 3


under 914 m: 12 (2002)
total:
37

over 3,047 m:
2

2,438 to 3,047 m:
9

1,524 to 2,437 m:
8

914 to 1,523 m:
13

under 914 m:
5 (2000 est.)
Area total: 1.565 million sq km


land: 1,555,400 sq km


water: 9,600 sq km
total:
527,970 sq km

land:
527,970 sq km

water:
0 sq km

note:
includes Perim, Socotra, the former Yemen Arab Republic (YAR or North Yemen), and the former People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY or South Yemen)
Area - comparative slightly smaller than Alaska slightly larger than twice the size of Wyoming
Background The Mongols gained fame in the 13th century when under Genghis KHAN they conquered a huge Eurasian empire. After his death the empire was divided into several powerful Mongol states, but these broke apart in the 14th century. The Mongols eventually retired to their original steppe homelands and came under Chinese rule. Mongolia won its independence in 1921 with Soviet backing. A Communist regime was installed in 1924. During the early 1990s, the ex-Communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) gradually yielded its monopoly on power to the Democratic Union Coalition (DUC), which defeated the MPRP in a national election in 1996. Over the next four years, the DUC put forward a number of key reforms to modernize the economy and to democratize the political system. The former Communists were a strong opposition that stalled additional restructuring and made implementation difficult. In 2000, the MPRP won an overwhelming victory in the legislature - with 72 of the 76 seats - and completely reshuffled the government. While it continues many of the reform policies, the MPRP has focused on social welfare and public order priorities. North Yemen became independent of the Ottoman Empire in 1918. The British, who had set up a protectorate area around the southern port of Aden in the 19th century, withdrew in 1967 from what became South Yemen. Three years later, the southern government adopted a Marxist orientation. The massive exodus of hundreds of thousands of Yemenis from the south to the north contributed to two decades of hostility between the states. The two countries were formally unified as the Republic of Yemen in 1990. A southern secessionist movement in 1994 was quickly subdued. In 2000, Saudi Arabia and Yemen agreed to a delimitation of their border.
Birth rate 21.39 births/1,000 population (2003 est.) 43.36 births/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Budget revenues: $386 million


expenditures: $427 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (2002 est.)
revenues:
$3 billion

expenditures:
$3.1 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2001 est.)
Capital Ulaanbaatar Sanaa
Climate desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges) mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in western mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh desert in east
Coastline 0 km (landlocked) 1,906 km
Constitution 12 February 1992 16 May 1991; amended 29 September 1994 and February 2001
Country name conventional long form: none


conventional short form: Mongolia


local long form: none


local short form: Mongol Uls


former: Outer Mongolia
conventional long form:
Republic of Yemen

conventional short form:
Yemen

local long form:
Al Jumhuriyah al Yamaniyah

local short form:
Al Yaman
Currency togrog/tugrik (MNT) Yemeni rial (YER)
Death rate 7.18 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.) 9.58 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Debt - external $913 million (2001 est.) $4.4 billion (2000)
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission: Ambassador Pamela J. Slutz


embassy: Micro Region 11, Big Ring Road, C.P.O. 1021, Ulaanbaatar 13


mailing address: PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002


telephone: [976] (11) 329095


FAX: [976] (11) 320776
chief of mission:
Ambassador Barbara K. BODINE

embassy:
Dhahar Himyar Zone, Sheraton Hotel District, Sanaa

mailing address:
P. O. Box 22347, Sanaa

telephone:
[967] (1) 303-161

FAX:
[967] (1) 303-182
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission: Ambassador Ravdangiyn BOLD


chancery: 2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007


telephone: [1] (202) 333-7117


FAX: [1] (202) 298-9227


consulate(s) general: New York
chief of mission:
Ambassador Abd al-Wahhab Abdallah al-HAJRI

chancery:
Suite 705, 2600 Virginia Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037

telephone:
[1] (202) 965-4760

FAX:
[1] (202) 337-2017
Disputes - international none a June 2000 treaty delimited the boundary with Saudi Arabia, but final demarcation requires adjustments based on tribal considerations
Economic aid - recipient $208.7 million (1999 est.) $176.1 million (1995)
Economy - overview Economic activity traditionally has been based on agriculture and breeding of livestock. Mongolia also has extensive mineral deposits; copper, coal, molybdenum, tin, tungsten, and gold account for a large part of industrial production. Soviet assistance, at its height one-third of GDP, disappeared almost overnight in 1990-1991 at the time of the dismantlement of the USSR. Mongolia was driven into deep recession, prolonged by the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party's (MPRP) reluctance to undertake serious economic reform. The Democratic Coalition (DC) government embraced free-market economics, eased price controls, liberalized domestic and international trade, and attempted to restructure the banking system and the energy sector. Major domestic privatization programs were undertaken, as well as the fostering of foreign investment through international tender of the oil distribution company, a leading cashmere company, and banks. Reform was held back by the ex-Communist MPRP opposition and by the political instability brought about through four successive governments under the DC. Economic growth picked up in 1997-1999 after stalling in 1996 due to a series of natural disasters and declines in world prices of copper and cashmere. In August and September 1999, the economy suffered from a temporary Russian ban on exports of oil and oil products, and Mongolia remains vulnerable in this sector. Mongolia joined the World Trade Organization (WTrO) in 1997. The international donor community pledged over $300 million per year at the Consultative Group Meeting, held in Ulaanbaatar in June 1999. The MPRP government, elected in July 2000, is anxious to improve the investment climate; it must also deal with a heavy burden of external debt. Falling prices for Mongolia's mainly primary sector exports, widespread opposition to privatization, and adverse effects of weather on agriculture in early 2000 and 2001 restrained real GDP growth in 2000-2001. Despite drought problems in 2002, GDP rose 4.0%, followed by a solid 5.0% increase in 2003. The first applications under the land privatization law have been marked by a number of disputes over particular sites. Russia claims Mongolia owes it $11 billion from the old Soviet period; any settlement could substantially increase Mongolia's foreign debt burden. Yemen, one of the poorest countries in the Arab world, reported strong growth in the mid-1990s with the onset of oil production, but was harmed by low oil prices in 1998. Yemen has embarked on an IMF-supported structural adjustment program designed to modernize and streamline the economy, which has led to foreign debt relief and restructuring. Aided by higher oil prices in 1999-2000, Yemen worked to maintain tight control over spending and implement additional components of the IMF program. A high population growth rate of nearly 3.4% and internal political dissension complicate the government's task.
Electricity - consumption 2.194 billion kWh (2001) 2.232 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - exports 25 million kWh (2001) 0 kWh (1999)
Electricity - imports 196 million kWh (2001) 0 kWh (1999)
Electricity - production 2.225 billion kWh (2001) 2.4 billion kWh (1999)
Electricity - production by source fossil fuel: 100%


hydro: 0%


nuclear: 0%


other: 0% (2001)
fossil fuel:
100%

hydro:
0%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)
Elevation extremes lowest point: Hoh Nuur 518 m


highest point: Nayramadlin Orgil (Huyten Orgil) 4,374 m
lowest point:
Arabian Sea 0 m

highest point:
Jabal an Nabi Shu'ayb 3,760 m
Environment - current issues limited natural fresh water resources in some areas; the policies of former Communist regimes promoted rapid urbanization and industrial growth that had negative effects on the environment; the burning of soft coal in power plants and the lack of enforcement of environmental laws severely polluted the air in Ulaanbaatar; deforestation, overgrazing, and the converting of virgin land to agricultural production increased soil erosion from wind and rain; desertification and mining activities had a deleterious effect on the environment very limited natural fresh water resources; inadequate supplies of potable water; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification
Environment - international agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands


signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection

signed, but not ratified:
Nuclear Test Ban
Ethnic groups Mongol (predominantly Khalkha) 85%, Turkic (of which Kazakh is the largest group) 7%, Tungusic 4.6%, other (including Chinese and Russian) 3.4% (1998) predominantly Arab; but also Afro-Arab, South Asians, Europeans
Exchange rates togrogs/tugriks per US dollar - 1,134 (2002), 1,097.7 (2001), 1,076.67 (2000), 1,021.87 (1999), 840.83 (1998) Yemeni rials per US dollar - 164.590 (October 2000), 160.683 (2000), 155.718 (1999), 135.882 (1998), 129.281 (1997), 94.157 (1996)
Executive branch chief of state: President Natsagiyn BAGABANDI (since 20 June 1997)


head of government: Prime Minister Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR (since 26 July 2000)


cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the State Great Hural in consultation with the president


elections: president nominated by parties in the State Great Hural and elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 20 May 2001 (next to be held NA May 2005); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition is usually elected prime minister by the State Great Hural; election last held 2 July 2000 (next to be held NA 2004)


election results: Natsagiyn BAGABANDI reelected president; percent of vote - Natsagiyn BAGABANDI (MPRP) 58.13%, Radnaasumbereliyn GONCHIGDORJ (DP) 36.58%, Luvsandamba DASHNYAM (CWP) 3.54%, other 1.75%; Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR elected prime minister by a vote in the State Great Hural of 68 to 3
chief of state:
President Field Marshall Ali Abdallah SALIH (since 22 May 1990, the former president of North Yemen, assumed office upon the merger of North and South Yemen); Vice President Maj. Gen. Abd al-Rab Mansur al-HADI (since 3 October 1994)

head of government:
Prime Minister Abd al-Qadir BA JAMAL (since 4 April 2001)

cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister

elections:
president elected by direct, popular vote for a five-year term (a new constitution amendment extends the term by two years to a seven-year term); election last held 23 September 1999 (next to be held NA 2006); vice president appointed by the president; prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president

election results:
Ali Abdallah SALIH elected president; percent of vote: Ali Abdallah SALIH 96.3%, Najeeb Qahtan AL-SHAABI 3.7%
Exports NA (2001) $4.2 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Exports - commodities copper, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metals crude oil, coffee, dried and salted fish
Exports - partners China 43.8%, US 33.6%, Russia 9.6% (2002) Thailand 34%, China 26%, South Korea 14%, Japan 3% (1999)
Fiscal year calendar year calendar year
Flag description three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red; centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol) three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; similar to the flag of Syria which has two green stars and of Iraq which has three green stars (plus an Arabic inscription) in a horizontal line centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt which has a heraldic eagle centered in the white band
GDP purchasing power parity - $5.06 billion (2002 est.) purchasing power parity - $14.4 billion (2000 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture: 32%


industry: 23%


services: 45% (2001 est.)
agriculture:
20%

industry:
42%

services:
38% (1998)
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $1,900 (2002 est.) purchasing power parity - $820 (2000 est.)
GDP - real growth rate 3.9% (2002 est.) 6% (2000 est.)
Geographic coordinates 46 00 N, 105 00 E 15 00 N, 48 00 E
Geography - note landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia strategic location on Bab el Mandeb, the strait linking the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, one of world's most active shipping lanes
Highways total: 49,250 km


paved: 1,724 km


unpaved: 47,526 km (2000)
total:
69,263 km

paved:
9,963 km

unpaved:
59,300 km (1999)
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%: 2.9%


highest 10%: 24.5% (1995)
lowest 10%:
2.3%

highest 10%:
30.8% (1992)
Imports NA (2001) $2.7 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.)
Imports - commodities machinery and equipment, fuels, food products, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea food and live animals, machinery and equipment
Imports - partners Russia 32%, China 19.4%, South Korea 12.1%, US 9.1%, Germany 4.7%, Japan 4.3% (2002) Saudi Arabia 10%, UAE 8%, US 7%, France 7%, Italy 6% (1999)
Independence 11 July 1921 (from China) 22 May 1990, Republic of Yemen was established with the merger of the Yemen Arab Republic [Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen] and the Marxist-dominated People's Democratic Republic of Yemen [Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen]; previously North Yemen had become independent on NA November 1918 (from the Ottoman Empire) and South Yemen had become independent on 30 November 1967 (from the UK)
Industrial production growth rate 4.1% (2002 est.) NA%
Industries construction materials, mining (coal, copper, molybdenum, fluorspar, and gold); oil; food and beverages, processing of animal products crude oil production and petroleum refining; small-scale production of cotton textiles and leather goods; food processing; handicrafts; small aluminum products factory; cement
Infant mortality rate total: 57.16 deaths/1,000 live births


male: 60.75 deaths/1,000 live births


female: 53.38 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.)
68.53 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 3% (2002 est.) 10% (2000 est.)
International organization participation ARF (dialogue partner), AsDB, ASEAN (observer), CP (provisional), EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, MONUC, NAM, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO (observer)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 5 (2001) 1 (2000)
Irrigated land 840 sq km (1998 est.) 5,674 sq km (1999)
Judicial branch Supreme Court (serves as appeals court for people's and provincial courts but rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts; judges are nominated by the General Council of Courts for approval by the president) Supreme Court
Labor force 1.4 million (2001) NA
Labor force - by occupation primarily herding/agricultural most people are employed in agriculture and herding; services, construction, industry, and commerce account for less than one-fourth of the labor force
Land boundaries total: 8,162 km


border countries: China 4,677 km, Russia 3,485 km
total:
1,746 km

border countries:
Oman 288 km, Saudi Arabia 1,458 km
Land use arable land: 0.84%


permanent crops: 0%


other: 99.16% (1998 est.)
arable land:
3%

permanent crops:
13%

permanent pastures:
33.5%

forests and woodland:
4%

other:
46.5% (1999)
Languages Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian (1999) Arabic
Legal system blend of Soviet, German, and US systems of law that combines aspects of a parliamentary system with some aspects of a presidential system; constitution ambiguous on judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction based on Islamic law, Turkish law, English common law, and local tribal customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch unicameral State Great Hural (76 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)


elections: last held 2 July 2000 (next to be held NA July 2004)


election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - MPRP 72, other 4
a new constitutional amendment ratified on 20 February 2001 created a bicameral legislature consisting of a Shura Council (111 seats; members appointed by the president) and a House of Representatives (301 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms)

elections:
last held 27 April 1997 (next to be held 27 April 2003)

election results:
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - GPC 189, Islah 52, Nasserite Unionist Party 3, National Arab Socialist Baath Party 2, independents 54, election pending 1; latest seats by party: GPC 223, Islah 64, Nasserite Unionist Party 3, National Arab Socialist Baath Party 2, YSP 2, independents 7
Life expectancy at birth total population: 63.81 years


male: 61.63 years


female: 66.09 years (2003 est.)
total population:
60.21 years

male:
58.45 years

female:
62.05 years (2001 est.)
Literacy definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 99.1%


male: 99.2%


female: 99% (2003 est.)
definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
38%

male:
53%

female:
26% (1990 est.)
Location Northern Asia, between China and Russia Middle East, bordering the Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, and Red Sea, between Oman and Saudi Arabia
Map references Asia Middle East
Maritime claims none (landlocked) contiguous zone:
24 NM

continental shelf:
200 NM or to the edge of the continental margin

exclusive economic zone:
200 NM

territorial sea:
12 NM
Merchant marine - total:
4 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 15,075 GRT/23,562 DWT

ships by type:
cargo 1, petroleum tanker 3 (2000 est.)
Military branches Mongolian Armed Forces (includes General Purpose Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Civil Defense Troops); note - Border Troops are under Ministry of Justice and Home Affairs in peacetime Army, Navy, Coast Guard, Air Force, Air Defense Forces, Presidential Guards, paramilitary (includes Police)
Military expenditures - dollar figure $23.1 million (FY02) $414 million (FY99)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 2.2% (FY02) 7.6% (FY99)
Military manpower - availability males age 15-49: 796,449 (2003 est.) males age 15-49:
4,103,093 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service males age 15-49: 516,502 (2003 est.) males age 15-49:
2,303,257 (2001 est.)
Military manpower - military age 18 years of age (2003 est.) 14 years of age
Military manpower - reaching military age annually males: 32,529 (2003 est.) males:
238,690 (2001 est.)
National holiday Independence Day/Revolution Day, 11 July (1921) Unification Day, 22 May (1990)
Nationality noun: Mongolian(s)


adjective: Mongolian
noun:
Yemeni(s)

adjective:
Yemeni
Natural hazards dust storms, grassland and forest fires, drought, and "zud", which is harsh winter conditions sandstorms and dust storms in summer
Natural resources oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, wolfram, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron, phosphate petroleum, fish, rock salt, marble, small deposits of coal, gold, lead, nickel, and copper, fertile soil in west
Net migration rate 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.) 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.)
Pipelines - crude oil 644 km; petroleum products 32 km
Political parties and leaders Citizens' Will Party or CWP (also called Civil Will Party or Civil Courage Party) [Sanjaasurengyn OYUN]; Democratic Party or DP [D. DORLIGJAN]; Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party or MPRP [Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR]; Mongolian New Socialist Democratic Party or MNSDP [B. ERDENEBAT]; Mongolian Republican Party or MRP [B. JARGALSAIHAN]


note: the MPRP is the ruling party
there are over 12 political parties active in Yemen, some of the more prominent are: General People's Congress or GPC [President Ali Abdallah SALIH]; Islamic Reform Grouping or Islah [Shaykh Abdallah bin Husayn al-AHMAR]; National Arab Socialist Baath Party [Dr. Qassim SALAAM]; Nasserite Unionist Party [Abdel Malik al-MAKHLAFI]; Yemeni Socialist Party or YSP [Ali Salih MUQBIL]

note:
President SALIH's General People's Congress or GPC won a landslide victory in the April 1997 legislative election and no longer governs in coalition with Shaykh Abdallah bin Husayn al-AHMAR's Islamic Reform Grouping or Islah - the two parties had been in coalition since the end of the civil war in 1994; the YSP, a loyal opposition party, boycotted the April 1997 legislative election, but announced that it would participate in Yemen's first local elections to be held in February 2001; these local elections aim to decentralize political power and are a key element of the government's political reform program
Political pressure groups and leaders NA NA
Population 2,712,315 (July 2003 est.) 18,078,035 (July 2001 est.)
Population below poverty line 36% (2001 est.) 19% (1992 est.)
Population growth rate 1.42% (2003 est.) 3.38% (2001 est.)
Ports and harbors none Aden, Al Hudaydah, Al Mukalla, As Salif, Mocha, Nishtun
Radio broadcast stations AM 7, FM 9, shortwave 4 (2001) AM 6, FM 1, shortwave 2 (1998)
Radios - 1.05 million (1997)
Railways 1,815 km


broad gauge: 1,815 km 1.524-m gauge (2002)
0 km
Religions Tibetan Buddhist Lamaism 96%, Muslim (primarily in the southwest), Shamanism, and Christian 4% (1998) Muslim including Shaf'i (Sunni) and Zaydi (Shi'a), small numbers of Jewish, Christian, and Hindu
Sex ratio at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female


total population: 1 male(s)/female (2003 est.)
at birth:
1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.03 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
1.04 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
1.02 male(s)/female

total population:
1.04 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
Suffrage 18 years of age; universal 18 years of age; universal
Telephone system general assessment: very low density: about 3.5 telephones for each thousand persons


domestic: NA


international: satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean Region)
general assessment:
since unification in 1990, efforts have been made to create a national telecommunications network

domestic:
the national network consists of microwave radio relay, cable, tropospheric scatter, and GSM cellular mobile telephone systems

international:
satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean), 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region), and 2 Arabsat; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia and Djibouti
Telephones - main lines in use 104,100 (1999) 291,359 (1999)
Telephones - mobile cellular 110,000 (2001) 32,042 (2000)
Television broadcast stations 4 (plus 18 provincial repeaters and many low power repeaters) (1999) 7 (plus several low-power repeaters) (1997)
Terrain vast semidesert and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in south-central narrow coastal plain backed by flat-topped hills and rugged mountains; dissected upland desert plains in center slope into the desert interior of the Arabian Peninsula
Total fertility rate 2.28 children born/woman (2003 est.) 6.97 children born/woman (2001 est.)
Unemployment rate 20% (2000) 30% (1995 est.)
Waterways 400 km (1999) none
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