Compare Monaco (2003) - Mongolia (2006)

Compare Monaco (2003) z Mongolia (2006)

	Monaco (2003)	Mongolia (2006)

Administrative divisions	none; there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are four quarters (quartiers, singular - quartier); Fontvieille, La Condamine, Monaco-Ville, Monte-Carlo	21 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 1 municipality* (singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan-Uul, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan, Govi-Altay, Govisumber, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Orhon, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs
Age structure	0-14 years: 15.5% (male 2,551; female 2,445) 15-64 years: 62.1% (male 9,814; female 10,130) 65 years and over: 22.4% (male 2,937; female 4,253) (2003 est.)	0-14 years: 27.9% (male 402,448/female 387,059) 15-64 years: 68.4% (male 967,546/female 969,389) 65 years and over: 3.7% (male 45,859/female 59,923) (2006 est.)
Agriculture - products	none	wheat, barley, vegetables, forage crops; sheep, goats, cattle, camels, horses
Airports	none; linked to airport in Nice, France, by helicopter service (2002)	44 (2006)
Airports - with paved runways	-	total: 12 over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 10 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 (2006)
Airports - with unpaved runways	-	total: 32 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 24 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 1 (2006)
Area	total: 1.95 sq km land: 1.95 sq km water: 0 sq km	total: 1,564,116 sq km
Area - comparative	about three times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC	slightly smaller than Alaska
Background	Economic development was spurred in the late 19th century with a railroad linkup to France and the opening of a casino. Since then, the principality's mild climate, splendid scenery, and gambling facilities have made Monaco world famous as a tourist and recreation center.	The Mongols gained fame in the 13th century when under Chinggis KHAN they conquered a huge Eurasian empire. After his death the empire was divided into several powerful Mongol states, but these broke apart in the 14th century. The Mongols eventually retired to their original steppe homelands and later came under Chinese rule. Mongolia won its independence in 1921 with Soviet backing. A Communist regime was installed in 1924. The ex-Communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) won elections in 1990 and 1992, but was defeated by the Democratic Union Coalition (DUC) in the 1996 parliamentary election. Since then, parliamentary elections returned the MPRP overwhelmingly to power in 2000 and produced a coalition government in 2004.
Birth rate	9.46 births/1,000 population (2003 est.)	21.59 births/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Budget	revenues: $518 million expenditures: $531 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1995)	revenues: $702 million expenditures: $651 million; including capital expenditures of $NA (2005 est.)
Capital	Monaco	name: Ulaanbaatar geographic coordinates: 47 55 N, 106 53 E time difference: UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Saturday in March; ends last Saturday in September
Climate	Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers	desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)
Coastline	4.1 km	0 km (landlocked)
Constitution	17 December 1962	12 February 1992
Country name	conventional long form: Principality of Monaco conventional short form: Monaco local long form: Principaute de Monaco local short form: Monaco	conventional long form: none conventional short form: Mongolia local long form: none local short form: Mongol Uls former: Outer Mongolia
Currency	euro (EUR)	-
Death rate	12.82 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)	6.95 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Debt - external	$NA	$1.36 billion (2004)
Diplomatic representation from the US	the US does not have an embassy in Monaco; the US Consul General in Marseille (France) is accredited to Monaco	chief of mission: Ambassador Mark C. MINTON embassy: Big Ring Road, 11th Micro Region, Ulaanbaatar mailing address: PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002; P.O. Box 1021, Ulaanbaatar-13 telephone: [976] (11) 329095 FAX: [976] (11) 320776
Diplomatic representation in the US	Monaco does not have an embassy in the US consulate(s) general: New York	chief of mission: Ambassador Ravdan BOLD chancery: 2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: [1] (202) 333-7117 FAX: [1] (202) 298-9227
Disputes - international	none	none
Economic aid - recipient	$NA	$215 million (2003)
Economy - overview	Monaco, situated on the French Mediterranean coast, is a popular resort, attracting tourists to its casino and pleasant climate. In 2001, a major new construction project will extend the pier used by cruise ships in the main harbor. The principality has successfully sought to diversify into services and small, high-value-added, nonpolluting industries. The state has no income tax and low business taxes and thrives as a tax haven both for individuals who have established residence and for foreign companies that have set up businesses and offices. The state retains monopolies in a number of sectors, including tobacco, the telephone network, and the postal service. Living standards are high, roughly comparable to those in prosperous French metropolitan areas. Monaco does not publish national income figures; the estimates below are extremely rough.	Economic activity in Mongolia has traditionally been based on herding and agriculture. Mongolia has extensive mineral deposits. Copper, coal, molybdenum, tin, tungsten and gold account for a large part of industrial production. Soviet assistance, at its height one-third of GDP, disappeared almost overnight in 1990 and 1991 at the time of the dismantlement of the USSR. The following decade saw Mongolia endure both deep recession due to political inaction and natural disasters, as well as economic growth because of reform-embracing, free-market economics and extensive privatization of the formerly state-run economy. Severe winters and summer droughts in 2000-2002 resulted in massive livestock die-off and zero or negative GDP growth. This was compounded by falling prices for Mongolia's primary sector exports and widespread opposition to privatization. Growth was 10.6% in 2004 and 5.5% in 2005, largely because of high copper prices and new gold production. Mongolia's economy continues to be heavily influenced by its neighbors. For example, Mongolia purchases 80% of its petroleum products and a substantial amount of electric power from Russia, leaving it vulnerable to price increases. China is Mongolia's chief export partner and a main source of the "shadow" or "grey" economy. The World Bank and other international financial institutions estimate the grey economy to be at least equal to that of the official economy, but the former's actual size is difficult to calculate since the money does not pass through the hands of tax authorities or the banking sector. Remittances from Mongolians working abroad both legally and illegally are sizeable, and money laundering is a growing concern. Mongolia settled its $11 billion debt with Russia at the end of 2003 on favorable terms. Mongolia, which joined the World Trade Organization in 1997, seeks to expand its participation and integration into Asian regional economic and trade regimes.
Electricity - consumption	NA kWh	3.37 billion kWh (2005 est.)
Electricity - exports	-	18 million kWh (2005 est.)
Electricity - imports	NA kWh note: electricity supplied by France	130 million kWh (2005 est.)
Electricity - production	-	3.24 billion kWh (2005 est.)
Elevation extremes	lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m highest point: Mont Agel 140 m	lowest point: Hoh Nuur 518 m highest point: Nayramadlin Orgil (Huyten Orgil) 4,374 m
Environment - current issues	NA	limited natural fresh water resources in some areas; the policies of former Communist regimes promoted rapid urbanization and industrial growth that had negative effects on the environment; the burning of soft coal in power plants and the lack of enforcement of environmental laws severely polluted the air in Ulaanbaatar; deforestation, overgrazing, and the converting of virgin land to agricultural production increased soil erosion from wind and rain; desertification and mining activities had a deleterious effect on the environment
Environment - international agreements	party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol	party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Ethnic groups	French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21%	Mongol (mostly Khalkha) 94.9%, Turkic (mostly Kazakh) 5%, other (including Chinese and Russian) 0.1% (2000)
Exchange rates	euros per US dollar - 1.06 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998)	togrogs/tugriks per US dollar - 1,187.17 (2005), 1,185.3 (2004), 1,146.5 (2003), 1,110.3 (2002), 1,097.7 (2001)
Executive branch	chief of state: Prince RAINIER III (since 9 May 1949); Heir Apparent Prince ALBERT Alexandre Louis Pierre, son of the monarch (born 14 March 1958) head of government: Minister of State Patrick LECLERCQ (since 5 January 2000) cabinet: Council of Government is under the authority of the monarch elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; minister of state appointed by the monarch from a list of three French national candidates presented by the French Government	chief of state: President Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR (since 24 June 2005) head of government: Prime Minister Miegombyn ENKHBOLD (since 25 January 2006); Deputy Prime Minister Mendsaikhan ENKHSAIKHAN (since 28 January 2006) cabinet: Cabinet nominated by the prime minister in consultation with the president and confirmed by the State Great Hural (parliament) elections: presidential candidates nominated by political parties represented in State Great Hural and elected by popular vote for a four-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 22 May 2005 (next to be held in May 2009); following legislative elections, leader of majority party or majority coalition is usually elected prime minister by State Great Hural election results: Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR elected president; percent of vote - Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR (MPRP) 53.44%, Mendsaikhanin ENKHSAIKHAN (DP) 20.05%, Bazarsadyn JARGALSAIKHAN (MRP) 13.92%, Badarchyn ERDENEBAT (M-MNSDP) 12.59%; Miegombyn ENKHBOLD elected prime minister by the State Great Hural 56 to 10
Exports	$NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monegasque trade duties; also participates in EU market system through customs union with France	515 bbl/day (2005 est.)
Exports - commodities	-	copper, apparel, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metals
Exports - partners	-	China 56.2%, Canada 15.6%, US 14.7% (2005)
Fiscal year	calendar year	calendar year
Flag description	two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which is white (top) and red	three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red; centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol)
GDP	purchasing power parity - $870 million (1999 est.)	-
GDP - composition by sector	agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA%	agriculture: 20.6% industry: 21.4% services: 58% (2003 est.)
GDP - per capita	purchasing power parity - $27,000 (1999 est.)	-
GDP - real growth rate	NA%	6.2% according to official estimate (2005 est.)
Geographic coordinates	43 44 N, 7 24 E	46 00 N, 105 00 E
Geography - note	second-smallest independent state in the world (after Holy See); almost entirely urban	landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia
Heliports	1 (shuttle service between the international airport at Nice, France, and Monaco's heliport at Fontvieille) (2002)	2 (2006)
Highways	total: 50 km paved: 50 km unpaved: 0 km (1999 est.)	-
Household income or consumption by percentage share	lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%	lowest 10%: 2.1% highest 10%: 37% (1995)
Imports	$NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monegasque trade duties; also participates in EU market system through customs union with France	11,210 bbl/day (2005 est.)
Imports - commodities	-	machinery and equipment, fuel, cars, food products, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, sugar, tea
Imports - partners	-	Russia 35.8%, China 25.7%, Japan 6.3%, South Korea 6%, Germany 4.2% (2005)
Independence	1419 (beginning of the rule by the House of Grimaldi)	11 July 1921 (from China)
Industrial production growth rate	NA%	4.1% (2002 est.)
Industries	tourism, construction, small-scale industrial and consumer products	construction and construction materials; mining (coal, copper, molybdenum, fluorspar, tin, tungsten, and gold); oil; food and beverages; processing of animal products, cashmere and natural fiber manufacturing
Infant mortality rate	total: 5.63 deaths/1,000 live births male: 6.52 deaths/1,000 live births female: 4.69 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.)	total: 52.12 deaths/1,000 live births male: 55.51 deaths/1,000 live births female: 48.57 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)	NA%	9.5% (2005 est.)
International organization participation	ACCT, ECE, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IFRCS, IHO, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ITU, OPCW, OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNITAR, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO	ARF, AsDB, CP, EBRD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM, OPCW, OSCE (partner), SCO (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMIS, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)	2 (2000)	-
Irrigated land	NA sq km	840 sq km (2003)
Judicial branch	Supreme Court or Tribunal Supreme (judges appointed by the monarch on the basis of nominations by the National Council)	Supreme Court (serves as appeals court for people's and provincial courts but rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts; judges are nominated by the General Council of Courts and approved by the president)
Labor force	30,540 (January 1994)	1.488 million (2003)
Labor force - by occupation	-	herding/agriculture 42%, mining 4%, manufacturing 6%, trade 14%, services 29%, public sector 5% (2003)
Land boundaries	total: 4.4 km border countries: France 4.4 km	total: 8,220 km border countries: China 4,677 km, Russia 3,543 km
Land use	arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (urban area) (1998 est.)	arable land: 0.76% permanent crops: 0% other: 99.24% (2005)
Languages	French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque	Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian (1999)
Legal system	based on French law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction	blend of Soviet, German, and US systems that combine "continental" or "civil" code and case-precedent; constitution ambiguous on judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch	unicameral National Council or Conseil National (24 seats; 16 members elected by list majority system, 8 by proportional representation; to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 9 February 2003 (next to be held NA February 2008) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - UNAM 21, UND 3	unicameral State Great Hural 76 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms elections: last held 27 June 2004 (next to be held in June 2008) election results: percent of vote by party - MPRP 48.78%, MDC 44.8%, independents 3.5%, Republican Party 1.5%, others 1.42%; seats by party - MPRP 36, MDC 34, others 4; note - following June 2004 election MDC collapsed; as of 1 December 2005 composition of legislature was MPRP 38, DP 25, M-MNSDP 6, CWRP 2, MRP 1, PP 1, independents 3
Life expectancy at birth	total population: 79.27 years male: 75.37 years female: 83.37 years (2003 est.)	total population: 64.89 years male: 62.64 years female: 67.25 years (2006 est.)
Literacy	definition: NA total population: 99% male: NA% female: NA%	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 97.8% male: 98% female: 97.5% (2002)
Location	Western Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea on the southern coast of France, near the border with Italy	Northern Asia, between China and Russia
Map references	Europe	Asia
Maritime claims	territorial sea: 12 NM	none (landlocked)
Merchant marine	none (2002 est.)	total: 61 ships (1000 GRT or over) 319,053 GRT/479,190 DWT by type: bulk carrier 8, cargo 49, passenger/cargo 1, roll on/roll off 3 foreign-owned: 49 (China 4, Japan 1, North Korea 3, Lebanon 1, Malaysia 1, Russia 13, Singapore 10, Syria 1, Thailand 1, UAE 5, Ukraine 1, Vietnam 8) (2006)
Military - note	defense is the responsibility of France	-
Military branches	-	Mongolian People's Army (MPA), Mongolian People's Air Force (MPAF); there is no navy (2005)
Military expenditures - dollar figure	-	$23.1 million (FY02)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP	-	2.2% (FY02)
National holiday	National Day (Prince of Monaco Holiday), 19 November	Independence Day/Revolution Day, 11 July (1921)
Nationality	noun: Monegasque(s) or Monacan(s) adjective: Monegasque or Monacan	noun: Mongolian(s) adjective: Mongolian
Natural hazards	NA	dust storms, grassland and forest fires, drought, and "zud," which is harsh winter conditions
Natural resources	none	oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron
Net migration rate	7.78 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.)	0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.)
Political parties and leaders	National and Democratic Union or UND [Jean-Louis CAMPORA]; Union for Monaco or UPM (including National Union for the Future of Monaco or UNAM [leader NA]	Citizens' Will Republican Party or CWRP (also called Civil Courage Republican Party or CCRP) [Sanjaasurengiin OYUN]; Democratic Party or DP [Tsakhiagiyn ELBEGDORJ]; Motherland-Mongolian New Socialist Democratic Party or M-MNSDP [Badarchyn ERDENEBAT]; Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party or MPRP [Miegombyn ENKHBOLD]; Mongolian Republican Party or MRP [Bazarsadyn JARGALSAIKHAN]; People's Party or PP [Lamjav GUNDALAI] note: DP and M-MNSDP formed Motherland-Democracy Coalition (MDC) in 2003 and with CWRP contested June 2004 elections as single party; MDC's leadership dissolved coalition in December 2004
Political pressure groups and leaders	NA	NA
Population	32,130 (July 2003 est.)	2,832,224 (July 2006 est.)
Population below poverty line	NA%	36.1% (2004 est.)
Population growth rate	0.44% (2003 est.)	1.46% (2006 est.)
Ports and harbors	Monaco	-
Radio broadcast stations	AM 1, FM NA, shortwave 8 (1998)	AM 7, FM 62, shortwave 3 (2004)
Railways	total: 1.7 km standard gauge: 1.7 km 1.435-m gauge (2002)	total: 1,810 km broad gauge: 1,810 km 1.524-m gauge (2005)
Religions	Roman Catholic 90%	Buddhist Lamaist 50%, none 40%, Shamanist and Christian 6%, Muslim 4% (2004)
Sex ratio	at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female total population: 0.91 male(s)/female (2003 est.)	at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female total population: 1 male(s)/female (2006 est.)
Suffrage	21 years of age; universal	18 years of age; universal
Telephone system	general assessment: modern automatic telephone system domestic: NA international: no satellite earth stations; connected by cable into the French communications system	general assessment: network is improving with international direct dialing available in many areas domestic: very low density of about 5.5 main lines per 100 persons; two wireless providers cover all but two provinces international: country code - 976; satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean Region)
Telephones - main lines in use	31,027 (1995)	156,000 (2005)
Telephones - mobile cellular	NA	557,200 (2005)
Television broadcast stations	5 (1998)	52 (plus 21 provincial repeaters and many low power repeaters) (2004)
Terrain	hilly, rugged, rocky	vast semidesert and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in south-central
Total fertility rate	1.76 children born/woman (2003 est.)	2.25 children born/woman (2006 est.)
Unemployment rate	3.1% (1998)	6.7% (2003)
Waterways	none	580 km note: only waterway in operation is Lake Hovsgol (135 km); Selenge River (270 km) and Orhon River (175 km) are navigable but carry little traffic; lakes and rivers freeze in winter, are open from May to September (2004)

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