Compare Monaco (2003) - Iraq (2002)

Compare Monaco (2003) z Iraq (2002)

	Monaco (2003)	Iraq (2002)

Administrative divisions	none; there are no first-order administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there are four quarters (quartiers, singular - quartier); Fontvieille, La Condamine, Monaco-Ville, Monte-Carlo	18 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Anbar, Al Basrah, Al Muthanna, Al Qadisiyah, An Najaf, Arbil, As Sulaymaniyah, At Ta'mim, Babil, Baghdad, Dahuk, Dhi Qar, Diyala, Karbala', Maysan, Ninawa, Salah ad Din, Wasit
Age structure	0-14 years: 15.5% (male 2,551; female 2,445) 15-64 years: 62.1% (male 9,814; female 10,130) 65 years and over: 22.4% (male 2,937; female 4,253) (2003 est.)	0-14 years: 41.1% (male 5,003,755; female 4,849,238) 15-64 years: 55.9% (male 6,794,265; female 6,624,662) 65 years and over: 3% (male 341,520; female 388,376) (2002 est.)
Agriculture - products	none	wheat, barley, rice, vegetables, dates, cotton; cattle, sheep
Airports	none; linked to airport in Nice, France, by helicopter service (2002)	108 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways	-	total: 77 over 3,047 m: 21 2,438 to 3,047 m: 36 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 6 under 914 m: 9 (2002)
Airports - with unpaved runways	-	total: 73 over 3,047 m: 5 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 1,524 to 2,437 m: 24 914 to 1,523 m: 28 under 914 m: 11 (2002)
Area	total: 1.95 sq km land: 1.95 sq km water: 0 sq km	total: 437,072 sq km land: 432,162 sq km water: 4,910 sq km
Area - comparative	about three times the size of The Mall in Washington, DC	slightly more than twice the size of Idaho
Background	Economic development was spurred in the late 19th century with a railroad linkup to France and the opening of a casino. Since then, the principality's mild climate, splendid scenery, and gambling facilities have made Monaco world famous as a tourist and recreation center.	Formerly part of the Ottoman Empire, Iraq became an independent kingdom in 1932. A "republic" was proclaimed in 1958, but in actuality a series of military strongmen have ruled the country since then, the latest being SADDAM Husayn. Territorial disputes with Iran led to an inconclusive and costly eight-year war (1980-88). In August 1990 Iraq seized Kuwait, but was expelled by US-led, UN coalition forces during January-February 1991. The victors did not occupy Iraq, however, thus allowing the regime to stay in control. Following Kuwait's liberation, the UN Security Council (UNSC) required Iraq to scrap all weapons of mass destruction and long-range missiles and to allow UN verification inspections. UN trade sanctions remain in effect due to incomplete Iraqi compliance with relevant UNSC resolutions.
Birth rate	9.46 births/1,000 population (2003 est.)	34.2 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Budget	revenues: $518 million expenditures: $531 million, including capital expenditures of $NA (1995)	revenues: $NA expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA
Capital	Monaco	Baghdad
Climate	Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers	mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in central and southern Iraq
Coastline	4.1 km	58 km
Constitution	17 December 1962	22 September 1968, effective 16 July 1970 (provisional constitution); new constitution drafted in 1990 but not adopted
Country name	conventional long form: Principality of Monaco conventional short form: Monaco local long form: Principaute de Monaco local short form: Monaco	conventional long form: Republic of Iraq conventional short form: Iraq local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Iraqiyah local short form: Al Iraq
Currency	euro (EUR)	Iraqi dinar (IQD)
Death rate	12.82 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)	6.02 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Debt - external	$NA	$62.2 billion (2001 est.)
Diplomatic representation from the US	the US does not have an embassy in Monaco; the US Consul General in Marseille (France) is accredited to Monaco	none; note - the US has an Interests Section in the Polish Embassy in Baghdad; address: P. O. Box 2051 Hay Babel, Baghdad; telephone: [964] (1) 718-9267; FAX: [964] (1) 718-9297
Diplomatic representation in the US	Monaco does not have an embassy in the US consulate(s) general: New York	none; note - Iraq has an Interest Section in the Algerian Embassy headed by Akram AL DOURI; address: Iraqi Interests Section, Algerian Embassy, 1801 P Street NW, Washington, DC 20036; telephone: [1] (202) 483-7500; FAX: [1] (202) 462-5066
Disputes - international	none	despite restored diplomatic relations in 1990, lacks maritime boundary with Iran and disputes land boundary, navigation channels, and other issues from eight-year war; in November 1994, Iraq formally accepted the UN-demarcated border with Kuwait which had been spelled out in Security Council Resolutions 687 (1991), 773 (1993), and 883 (1993); this formally ends earlier claims to Kuwait and to Bubiyan and Warbah islands although the government continues periodic rhetorical challenges; dispute over water development plans by Turkey for the Tigris and Euphrates rivers
Economic aid - recipient	$NA	$327.5 million (1995) (1995)
Economy - overview	Monaco, situated on the French Mediterranean coast, is a popular resort, attracting tourists to its casino and pleasant climate. In 2001, a major new construction project will extend the pier used by cruise ships in the main harbor. The principality has successfully sought to diversify into services and small, high-value-added, nonpolluting industries. The state has no income tax and low business taxes and thrives as a tax haven both for individuals who have established residence and for foreign companies that have set up businesses and offices. The state retains monopolies in a number of sectors, including tobacco, the telephone network, and the postal service. Living standards are high, roughly comparable to those in prosperous French metropolitan areas. Monaco does not publish national income figures; the estimates below are extremely rough.	Iraq's economy is dominated by the oil sector, which has traditionally provided about 95% of foreign exchange earnings. In the 1980s financial problems caused by massive expenditures in the eight-year war with Iran and damage to oil export facilities by Iran led the government to implement austerity measures, borrow heavily, and later reschedule foreign debt payments; Iraq suffered economic losses from the war of at least $100 billion. After hostilities ended in 1988, oil exports gradually increased with the construction of new pipelines and restoration of damaged facilities. Iraq's seizure of Kuwait in August 1990, subsequent international economic sanctions, and damage from military action by an international coalition beginning in January 1991 drastically reduced economic activity. Although government policies supporting large military and internal security forces and allocating resources to key supporters of the regime have hurt the economy, implementation of the UN's oil-for-food program in December 1996 has helped improve conditions for the average Iraqi citizen. For the first six, six-month phases of the program, Iraq was allowed to export limited amounts of oil in exchange for food, medicine, and some infrastructure spare parts. In December 1999 the UN Security Council authorized Iraq to export under the program as much oil as required to meet humanitarian needs. Oil exports are now more than three-quarters prewar level. However, 28% of Iraq's export revenues under the program are deducted to meet UN Compensation Fund and UN administrative expenses. The drop in GDP in 2001 was largely the result of the global economic slowdown and lower oil prices. Per capita food imports have increased significantly, while medical supplies and health care services are steadily improving. Per capita output and living standards are still well below the prewar level, but any estimates have a wide range of error.
Electricity - consumption	NA kWh	25.389 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - exports	-	0 kWh (2000)
Electricity - imports	NA kWh note: electricity supplied by France	0 kWh (2000)
Electricity - production	-	27.3 billion kWh (2000)
Electricity - production by source	-	fossil fuel: 98% hydro: 2% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2000)
Elevation extremes	lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m highest point: Mont Agel 140 m	lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m highest point: Haji Ibrahim 3,600 m
Environment - current issues	NA	government water control projects have drained most of the inhabited marsh areas east of An Nasiriyah by drying up or diverting the feeder streams and rivers; a once sizable population of Shi'a Muslims, who have inhabited these areas for thousands of years, has been displaced; furthermore, the destruction of the natural habitat poses serious threats to the area's wildlife populations; inadequate supplies of potable water; development of Tigris-Euphrates Rivers system contingent upon agreements with upstream riparian Turkey; air and water pollution; soil degradation (salination) and erosion; desertification
Environment - international agreements	party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol	party to: Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification
Ethnic groups	French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21%	Arab 75%-80%, Kurdish 15%-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian or other 5%
Exchange rates	euros per US dollar - 1.06 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001), 1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999); French francs per US dollar - 5.8995 (1998)	Iraqi dinars per US dollar - 0.3109 (fixed official rate since 1982); black market rate - Iraqi dinars per US dollar - 2,000 (December 2001), 1,910 (December 1999), 1,815 (December 1998), 1,530 (December 1997), 910 (December 1996); note - subject to wide fluctuations
Executive branch	chief of state: Prince RAINIER III (since 9 May 1949); Heir Apparent Prince ALBERT Alexandre Louis Pierre, son of the monarch (born 14 March 1958) head of government: Minister of State Patrick LECLERCQ (since 5 January 2000) cabinet: Council of Government is under the authority of the monarch elections: none; the monarchy is hereditary; minister of state appointed by the monarch from a list of three French national candidates presented by the French Government	chief of state: President SADDAM Husayn (since 16 July 1979); Vice Presidents Taha Muhyi al-Din MARUF (since 21 April 1974) and Taha Yasin RAMADAN (since 23 March 1991) head of government: Prime Minister SADDAM Husayn (since 29 May 1994); Deputy Prime Ministers Tariq Mikhail AZIZ (since NA 1979), Hikmat Mizban Ibrahim al-AZZAWI (since 30 July 1999), Ahmad Husayn al-KHUDAYIR (since NA July 2001), and Abd al-Tawab Mullah al-HUWAYSH (since NA July 2001) cabinet: Council of Ministers; note - there is also a Revolutionary Command Council or RCC with eight members as of 2001 (Chairman SADDAM Husayn, Vice Chairman Izzat IBRAHIM al-Duri) which controls the ruling Ba'th Party; the RCC is the highest executive and legislative body and the most powerful political entity in the country; new RCC members must come from the Regional Command Leadership of the Ba'th Party elections: president and vice presidents elected by a two-thirds majority of the Revolutionary Command Council; regular election last held 17 October 1995 (next scheduled for 2002); note - in place of the 2002 election, a presidential referendum was held on 15 October 2002 in which the presidency of SADDAM Husayn was extended for a fifth consecutive seven-year term election results: SADDAM Husayn reelected president; percent of vote - 99%; Taha Muhyi al-Din MARUF and Taha Yasin RAMADAN elected vice presidents; percent of vote - NA%; note - in a presidential referendum held 15 October 2002, SADDAM Husayn's term was extended for another seven years
Exports	$NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monegasque trade duties; also participates in EU market system through customs union with France	$15.8 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.)
Exports - commodities	-	crude oil
Exports - partners	-	US 46.2%, Italy 12.2%, France 9.6%, Spain 8.6% (2000)
Fiscal year	calendar year	calendar year
Flag description	two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white; similar to the flag of Indonesia which is longer and the flag of Poland which is white (top) and red	three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with three green five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; the phrase ALLAHU AKBAR (God is Great) in green Arabic script - Allahu to the right of the middle star and Akbar to the left of the middle star - was added in January 1991 during the Persian Gulf crisis; similar to the flag of Syria which has two stars but no script and the flag of Yemen which has a plain white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt which has a symbolic eagle centered in the white band
GDP	purchasing power parity - $870 million (1999 est.)	purchasing power parity - $59 billion (2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector	agriculture: NA% industry: NA% services: NA%	agriculture: 6% industry: 13% services: 81% (1993 est.)
GDP - per capita	purchasing power parity - $27,000 (1999 est.)	purchasing power parity - $2,500 (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate	NA%	-5.7% (2001 est.)
Geographic coordinates	43 44 N, 7 24 E	33 00 N, 44 00 E
Geography - note	second-smallest independent state in the world (after Holy See); almost entirely urban	strategic location on Shatt al Arab waterway and at the head of the Persian Gulf
Heliports	1 (shuttle service between the international airport at Nice, France, and Monaco's heliport at Fontvieille) (2002)	5 (2002)
Highways	total: 50 km paved: 50 km unpaved: 0 km (1999 est.)	total: 45,550 km paved: 38,400 km unpaved: 7,150 km (1996 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share	lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%	lowest 10%: NA% highest 10%: NA%
Imports	$NA; full customs integration with France, which collects and rebates Monegasque trade duties; also participates in EU market system through customs union with France	$11 billion f.o.b. (2001 est.)
Imports - commodities	-	food, medicine, manufactures
Imports - partners	-	France 22.5%, Australia 22%, China 5.8%, Russia 5.8% (2000)
Independence	1419 (beginning of the rule by the House of Grimaldi)	3 October 1932 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration)
Industrial production growth rate	NA%	NA%
Industries	tourism, construction, small-scale industrial and consumer products	petroleum, chemicals, textiles, construction materials, food processing
Infant mortality rate	total: 5.63 deaths/1,000 live births male: 6.52 deaths/1,000 live births female: 4.69 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.)	57.61 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices)	NA%	60% (2001 est.)
International organization participation	ACCT, ECE, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IFRCS, IHO, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ITU, OPCW, OSCE, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNITAR, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO	ABEDA, ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, EAPC, ESCWA, FAO, G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)	2 (2000)	1 (2000)
Irrigated land	NA sq km	35,250 sq km (1998 est.)
Judicial branch	Supreme Court or Tribunal Supreme (judges appointed by the monarch on the basis of nominations by the National Council)	Court of Cassation
Labor force	30,540 (January 1994)	4.4 million (1989) (1989)
Labor force - by occupation	-	agriculture NA%, industry NA%, services NA%
Land boundaries	total: 4.4 km border countries: France 4.4 km	total: 3,650 km border countries: Iran 1,458 km, Jordan 181 km, Kuwait 240 km, Saudi Arabia 814 km, Syria 605 km, Turkey 352 km
Land use	arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (urban area) (1998 est.)	arable land: 11.89% permanent crops: 0.78% other: 87.33% (1998 est.)
Languages	French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque	Arabic, Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian, Armenian
Legal system	based on French law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction	based on Islamic law in special religious courts, civil law system elsewhere; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch	unicameral National Council or Conseil National (24 seats; 16 members elected by list majority system, 8 by proportional representation; to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 9 February 2003 (next to be held NA February 2008) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - UNAM 21, UND 3	unicameral National Assembly or Majlis al-Watani (250 seats; 30 appointed by the president to represent the three northern provinces of Dahuk, Arbil, and As Sulaymaniyah; 220 elected by popular vote; members serve four-year terms) elections: last held 27 March 2000 (next to be held NA March 2004) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA
Life expectancy at birth	total population: 79.27 years male: 75.37 years female: 83.37 years (2003 est.)	total population: 67.38 years male: 66.31 years female: 68.5 years (2002 est.)
Literacy	definition: NA total population: 99% male: NA% female: NA%	definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 58% male: 70.7% female: 45% (1995 est.)
Location	Western Europe, bordering the Mediterranean Sea on the southern coast of France, near the border with Italy	Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf, between Iran and Kuwait
Map references	Europe	Middle East
Maritime claims	territorial sea: 12 NM	continental shelf: not specified territorial sea: 12 NM
Merchant marine	none (2002 est.)	total: 25 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 186,709 GRT/278,575 DWT ships by type: cargo 14, passenger 1, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 8, roll on/roll off 1 (2002 est.)
Military - note	defense is the responsibility of France	-
Military branches	-	Army, Republican Guard, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Force, Border Guard Force, Fedayeen Saddam
Military expenditures - dollar figure	-	$1.3 billion (FY00)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP	-	NA%
Military manpower - availability	-	males age 15-49: 6,135,847 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service	-	males age 15-49: 3,430,819 (2002 est.)
Military manpower - military age	-	18 years of age (2002 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually	-	males: 274,035 (2002 est.)
National holiday	National Day (Prince of Monaco Holiday), 19 November	Revolution Day, 17 July (1968)
Nationality	noun: Monegasque(s) or Monacan(s) adjective: Monegasque or Monacan	noun: Iraqi(s) adjective: Iraqi
Natural hazards	NA	dust storms, sandstorms, floods
Natural resources	none	petroleum, natural gas, phosphates, sulfur
Net migration rate	7.78 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.)	0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Pipelines	-	crude oil 4,350 km; petroleum products 725 km; natural gas 1,360 km
Political parties and leaders	National and Democratic Union or UND [Jean-Louis CAMPORA]; Union for Monaco or UPM (including National Union for the Future of Monaco or UNAM [leader NA]	Ba'th Party [SADDAM Husayn, central party leader]
Political pressure groups and leaders	NA	any formal political activity must be sanctioned by the government; opposition to regime from Kurdish groups and southern Shi'a dissidents
Population	32,130 (July 2003 est.)	24,001,816 (July 2002 est.)
Population below poverty line	NA%	NA%
Population growth rate	0.44% (2003 est.)	2.82% (2002 est.)
Ports and harbors	Monaco	Umm Qasr, Khawr az Zubayr, and Al Basrah have limited functionality
Radio broadcast stations	AM 1, FM NA, shortwave 8 (1998)	AM 19 (5 are inactive), FM 51, shortwave 4 (1998)
Radios	-	4.85 million (1997)
Railways	total: 1.7 km standard gauge: 1.7 km 1.435-m gauge (2002)	total: 2,339 km standard gauge: 2,339 km 1.435-m gauge (2001)
Religions	Roman Catholic 90%	Muslim 97% (Shi'a 60%-65%, Sunni 32%-37%), Christian or other 3%
Sex ratio	at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female total population: 0.91 male(s)/female (2003 est.)	at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.88 male(s)/female total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Suffrage	21 years of age; universal	18 years of age; universal
Telephone system	general assessment: modern automatic telephone system domestic: NA international: no satellite earth stations; connected by cable into the French communications system	general assessment: reconstitution of damaged telecommunication facilities began after the Gulf war; most damaged facilities have been rebuilt domestic: the network consists of coaxial cables and microwave radio relay links international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region), and 1 Arabsat (inoperative); coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Jordan, Kuwait, Syria, and Turkey; Kuwait line is probably nonoperational
Telephones - main lines in use	31,027 (1995)	675,000 (1997)
Telephones - mobile cellular	NA	NA; service available in northern Iraq (2001)
Television broadcast stations	5 (1998)	13 (1997)
Terrain	hilly, rugged, rocky	mostly broad plains; reedy marshes along Iranian border in south with large flooded areas; mountains along borders with Iran and Turkey
Total fertility rate	1.76 children born/woman (2003 est.)	4.63 children born/woman (2002 est.)
Unemployment rate	3.1% (1998)	NA%
Waterways	none	1,015 km note: Shatt al Arab is usually navigable by maritime traffic for about 130 km; channel has been dredged to 3 m and is in use; Tigris and Euphrates Rivers have navigable sections for shallow-draft boats; Shatt al Basrah canal was navigable by shallow-draft craft before closing in 1991 because of the Gulf war

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