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Compare Micronesia, Federated States of (2008) - Sao Tome and Principe (2008)

Compare Micronesia, Federated States of (2008) z Sao Tome and Principe (2008)

 Micronesia, Federated States of (2008)Sao Tome and Principe (2008)
 Micronesia, Federated States ofSao Tome and Principe
Administrative divisions 4 states; Chuuk (Truk), Kosrae (Kosaie), Pohnpei (Ponape), Yap 2 provinces; Principe, Sao Tome


note: Principe has had self government since 29 April 1995
Age structure 0-14 years: 35.9% (male 19,726/female 19,011)


15-64 years: 61.2% (male 32,891/female 33,071)


65 years and over: 2.9% (male 1,379/female 1,784) (2007 est.)
0-14 years: 47.3% (male 47,796/female 46,589)


15-64 years: 49% (male 47,386/female 50,412)


65 years and over: 3.7% (male 3,383/female 4,013) (2007 est.)
Agriculture - products black pepper, tropical fruits and vegetables, coconuts, bananas, cassava (tapioca), sakau (kava), betel nuts, sweet potatoes; pigs, chickens; fish cocoa, coconuts, palm kernels, copra, cinnamon, pepper, coffee, bananas, papayas, beans; poultry; fish
Airports 6 (2007) 2 (2007)
Airports - with paved runways total: 6


1,524 to 2,437 m: 4


914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2007)
total: 2


1,524 to 2,437 m: 1


914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2007)
Area total: 702 sq km


land: 702 sq km


water: 0 sq km (fresh water only)


note: includes Pohnpei (Ponape), Chuuk (Truk) Islands, Yap Islands, and Kosrae (Kosaie)
total: 1,001 sq km


land: 1,001 sq km


water: 0 sq km
Area - comparative four times the size of Washington, DC (land area only) more than five times the size of Washington, DC
Background In 1979 the Federated States of Micronesia, a UN Trust Territory under US administration, adopted a constitution. In 1986 independence was attained under a Compact of Free Association with the US, which was amended and renewed in 2004. Present concerns include large-scale unemployment, overfishing, and overdependence on US aid. Discovered and claimed by Portugal in the late 15th century, the islands' sugar-based economy gave way to coffee and cocoa in the 19th century - all grown with plantation slave labor, a form of which lingered into the 20th century. While independence was achieved in 1975, democratic reforms were not instituted until the late 1980s. The country held its first free elections in 1991, but frequent internal wrangling between the various political parties precipitated repeated changes in leadership and two failed coup attempts in 1995 and 2003. The recent discovery of oil in the Gulf of Guinea promises to attract increased attention to the small island nation.
Birth rate 24.14 births/1,000 population (2007 est.) 39.72 births/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Budget revenues: $127.3 million ($69 million less grants)


expenditures: $144.2 million (FY05 est.)
revenues: $74.11 million


expenditures: $57.71 million (2007 est.)
Capital name: Palikir


geographic coordinates: 6 55 N, 158 09 E


time difference: UTC+11 (16 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
name: Sao Tome


geographic coordinates: 0 12 N, 6 39 E


time difference: UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
Climate tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern islands; located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasionally severe damage tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May)
Coastline 6,112 km 209 km
Constitution 10 May 1979 approved March 1990, effective 10 September 1990
Country name conventional long form: Federated States of Micronesia


conventional short form: none


local long form: Federated States of Micronesia


local short form: none


former: Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, Ponape, Truk, and Yap Districts


abbreviation: FSM
conventional long form: Democratic Republic of Sao Tome and Principe


conventional short form: Sao Tome and Principe


local long form: Republica Democratica de Sao Tome e Principe


local short form: Sao Tome e Principe
Death rate 4.66 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.) 6.28 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Debt - external $60.8 million (FY05 est.) $318 million (2002)
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission: Ambassador Miriam K. HUGHES


embassy: 101 Upper Pics Road, Kolonia


mailing address: P. O. Box 1286, Kolonia, Pohnpei, 96941


telephone: [691] 320-2187


FAX: [691] 320-2186
the US does not have an embassy in Sao Tome and Principe; the Ambassador to Gabon is accredited to Sao Tome and Principe on a nonresident basis and makes periodic visits to the islands
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission: Ambassador Jesse Bibiano MAREHALAU


chancery: 1725 N Street NW, Washington, DC 20036


telephone: [1] (202) 223-4383


FAX: [1] (202) 223-4391


consulate(s) general: Honolulu, Tamuning (Guam)
chief of mission: First Secretary Domingos Augusto FERREIRA


chancery: 400 Park Avenue, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10022


telephone: [1] (212) 317-0580


FAX: [1] (212) 935-7348


consulate(s): Atlanta
Disputes - international none none
Economic aid - recipient $106.4 million


note: under terms of the Compact of Free Association, the US pledged $1.3 billion in grant aid during the period 1986-2001; the level of aid has been subsequently reduced (2005)
$31.9 million in December 2000 under the HIPC program (2005)
Economy - overview Economic activity consists primarily of subsistence farming and fishing. The islands have few mineral deposits worth exploiting, except for high-grade phosphate. The potential for a tourist industry exists, but the remote location, a lack of adequate facilities, and limited air connections hinder development. The Amended Compact of Free Association with the US guarantees the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) millions of dollars in annual aid through 2023, and establishes a Trust Fund into which the US and the FSM make annual contributions in order to provide annual payouts to the FSM in perpetuity after 2023. The country's medium-term economic outlook appears fragile due not only to the reduction in US assistance but also to the current slow growth of the private sector. This small, poor island economy has become increasingly dependent on cocoa since independence in 1975. Cocoa production has substantially declined in recent years because of drought and mismanagement. Sao Tome has to import all fuels, most manufactured goods, consumer goods, and a substantial amount of food. Over the years, it has had difficulty servicing its external debt and has relied heavily on concessional aid and debt rescheduling. Sao Tome benefited from $200 million in debt relief in December 2000 under the Highly Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) program, which helped bring down the country's $300 million debt burden. In August 2005, Sao Tome signed on to a new 3-year IMF Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) program worth $4.3 million. Considerable potential exists for development of a tourist industry, and the government has taken steps to expand facilities in recent years. The government also has attempted to reduce price controls and subsidies. Sao Tome is optimistic about the development of petroleum resources in its territorial waters in the oil-rich Gulf of Guinea, which are being jointly developed in a 60-40 split with Nigeria. The first production licenses were sold in 2004, though a dispute over licensing with Nigeria delayed Sao Tome's receipt of more than $20 million in signing bonuses for almost a year. Real GDP growth exceeded 6% in 2007, as a result of increases in public expenditures and oil-related capital investment.
Electricity - consumption 178.6 million kWh (2002) 16.74 million kWh (2005)
Electricity - exports 0 kWh (2002) 0 kWh (2005)
Electricity - imports 0 kWh (2002) 0 kWh (2005)
Electricity - production 192 million kWh (2002) 18 million kWh (2005)
Elevation extremes lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m


highest point: Dolohmwar (Totolom) 791 m
lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m


highest point: Pico de Sao Tome 2,024 m
Environment - current issues overfishing, climate change, pollution deforestation; soil erosion and exhaustion
Environment - international agreements party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection


signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands


signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
Ethnic groups Chuukese 48.8%, Pohnpeian 24.2%, Kosraean 6.2%, Yapese 5.2%, Yap outer islands 4.5%, Asian 1.8%, Polynesian 1.5%, other 6.4%, unknown 1.4% (2000 census) mestico, angolares (descendants of Angolan slaves), forros (descendants of freed slaves), servicais (contract laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde), tongas (children of servicais born on the islands), Europeans (primarily Portuguese)
Exchange rates the US dollar is used dobras per US dollar - 13,700 (2007), 12,050 (2006), 9,900.4 (2005), 9,902.3 (2004), 9,347.6 (2003)
Executive branch chief of state: President Emmanuel MORI (since 11 May 2007); Vice President Alik L. ALIK (11 May 2007) note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government


head of government: President Emmanuel MORI (since 11 May 2007); Vice President Alik L. ALIK (11 May 2007)


cabinet: Cabinet includes the vice president and the heads of the eight executive departments


elections: president and vice president elected by Congress from among the four senators at large for a four-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 11 May 2007 (next to be held May 2011); note - a proposed constitutional amendment to establish popular elections for president and vice president failed


election results: Emmanuel MORI elected president; percent of Congress vote - NA; Alik L. ALIK elected vice president; percent of Congress vote - NA
chief of state: President Fradique DE MENEZES (since 3 September 2001)


head of government: Prime Minister Patrice TROVOADA (since 14 February 2008)


cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the proposal of the prime minister


elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 30 July 2006 (next to be held July 2011); prime minister chosen by the National Assembly and approved by the president


election results: Fradique DE MENEZES elected president; percent of vote - Fradique DE MENEZES 60%, Patrice TROVOADA 38.5%
Exports $14 million (f.o.b.) (2004 est.) 0 bbl/day (2004)
Exports - commodities fish, garments, bananas, black pepper, sakau (kava), betel nut cocoa 80%, copra, coffee, palm oil
Exports - partners Japan, US, Guam (2006) Netherlands 47.9%, Belgium 19%, Portugal 9.3% (2006)
Fiscal year 1 October - 30 September calendar year
Flag description light blue with four white five-pointed stars centered; the stars are arranged in a diamond pattern three horizontal bands of green (top), yellow (double width), and green with two black five-pointed stars placed side by side in the center of the yellow band and a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia
GDP - composition by sector agriculture: 28.9%


industry: 15.2%


services: 55.9% (2004 est.)
agriculture: 14.8%


industry: 14.2%


services: 71% (2007 est.)
GDP - real growth rate 0.3% (2005 est.) 6.5% (2007 est.)
Geographic coordinates 6 55 N, 158 15 E 1 00 N, 7 00 E
Geography - note four major island groups totaling 607 islands the smallest country in Africa; the two main islands form part of a chain of extinct volcanoes and both are fairly mountainous
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%: NA%


highest 10%: NA%
lowest 10%: NA%


highest 10%: NA%
Illicit drugs major consumer of cannabis -
Imports $132.7 million f.o.b. (2004) 634.4 bbl/day (2004)
Imports - commodities food, manufactured goods, machinery and equipment, beverages machinery and electrical equipment, food products, petroleum products
Imports - partners US, Japan, Hong Kong (2006) Portugal 48.8%, France 19.7%, Belgium 5.1%, US 5.1% (2006)
Independence 3 November 1986 (from the US-administered UN trusteeship) 12 July 1975 (from Portugal)
Industrial production growth rate NA% 8.5% (2007 est.)
Industries tourism, construction; fish processing, specialized aquaculture; craft items from shell, wood, and pearls light construction, textiles, soap, beer, fish processing, timber
Infant mortality rate total: 28.15 deaths/1,000 live births


male: 31.08 deaths/1,000 live births


female: 25.08 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
total: 40.54 deaths/1,000 live births


male: 42.42 deaths/1,000 live births


female: 38.61 deaths/1,000 live births (2007 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2.2% (2005) 17% (2007 est.)
International organization participation ACP, ADB, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IMF, IOC, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, OPCW, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, WHO, WMO ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, CPLP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ITU, ITUC, NAM, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
Irrigated land NA 100 sq km (2003)
Judicial branch Supreme Court Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the National Assembly)
Labor force 37,410 (2000) 35,050 (1991)
Labor force - by occupation agriculture: 0.9%


industry: 34.4%


services: 64.7%


note: two-thirds are government employees (FY05 est.)
note: population mainly engaged in subsistence agriculture and fishing; shortages of skilled workers
Land boundaries 0 km 0 km
Land use arable land: 5.71%


permanent crops: 45.71%


other: 48.58% (2005)
arable land: 8.33%


permanent crops: 48.96%


other: 42.71% (2005)
Languages English (official and common language), Trukese, Pohnpeian, Yapese, Kosrean, Ulithian, Woleaian, Nukuoro, Kapingamarangi Portuguese (official)
Legal system based on adapted Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal, common, and customary laws based on Portuguese legal system and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch unicameral Congress (14 seats; 4 - one elected from each state to serve four-year terms and 10 - elected from single-member districts delineated by population to serve two-year terms; members elected by popular vote)


elections: last held 6 March 2007 (next to be held in March 2009)


election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 14
unicameral National Assembly or Assembleia Nacional (55 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)


elections: last held on 26 March 2006 (next to be held in March 2010)


election results: percent of vote by party - MDFM-PCD 37.2%, MLSTP 28.9%, ADI 20.0%, NR 4.7%, others 9.2%; seats by party - MDFM-PCD 23, MLSTP 19, ADI 12, NR 1
Life expectancy at birth total population: 70.35 years


male: 68.52 years


female: 72.28 years (2007 est.)
total population: 67.64 years


male: 66.03 years


female: 69.3 years (2007 est.)
Literacy definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 89%


male: 91%


female: 88% (1980 est.)
definition: age 15 and over can read and write


total population: 84.9%


male: 92.2%


female: 77.9% (2001 census)
Location Oceania, island group in the North Pacific Ocean, about three-quarters of the way from Hawaii to Indonesia Western Africa, islands in the Gulf of Guinea, straddling the Equator, west of Gabon
Map references Oceania Africa
Maritime claims territorial sea: 12 nm


exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
measured from claimed archipelagic baselines


territorial sea: 12 nm


exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
Merchant marine total: 3 ships (1000 GRT or over) 3,560 GRT/2,060 DWT


by type: cargo 1, passenger/cargo 2 (2007)
total: 7 ships (1000 GRT or over) 20,455 GRT/27,871 DWT


by type: bulk carrier 1, cargo 6


foreign-owned: 2 (Egypt 1, Greece 1) (2007)
Military - note defense is the responsibility of the US Sao Tome and Principe's army is a tiny force with almost no resources at its disposal and would be wholly ineffective operating unilaterally; infantry equipment is considered simple to operate and maintain but may require refurbishment or replacement after 25 years in tropical climates; poor pay, working conditions, and alleged nepotism in the promotion of officers have been problems in the past, as reflected in the 1995 and 2003 coups; these issues are being addressed with foreign assistance aimed at improving the army and its focus on realistic security concerns; command is exercised from the president, through the Minister of Defense, to the Chief of the Armed Forces staff (2005)
Military branches no regular military forces (2007) Armed Forces of Sao Tome and Principe (FASTP): Army, Coast Guard of Sao Tome e Principe (Guarda Costeira de Sao Tome e Principe, GCSTP), Presidential Guard (2007)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP - 0.8% (2006)
National holiday Constitution Day, 10 May (1979) Independence Day, 12 July (1975)
Nationality noun: Micronesian(s)


adjective: Micronesian; Chuukese, Kosraen(s), Pohnpeian(s), Yapese
noun: Sao Tomean(s)


adjective: Sao Tomean
Natural hazards typhoons (June to December) NA
Natural resources forests, marine products, deep-seabed minerals, phosphate fish, hydropower
Net migration rate -21.02 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.) -2.14 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2007 est.)
Political parties and leaders no formal parties Force for Change Democratic Movement or MDFM [Tome Soares da VERA CRUZ]; Independent Democratic Action or ADI [[Patrice TROVOADA]; Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe-Social Democratic Party or MLSTP-PSD [Rafael BRANCO]; New Way Movement or NR; Party for Democratic Convergence or PCD [Delfim NEVES]; Ue-Kedadji coalition; other small parties
Political pressure groups and leaders - NA
Population 107,862 (July 2007 est.) 199,579 (July 2007 est.)
Population below poverty line 26.7% (2000) 54% (2004 est.)
Population growth rate -0.154% (2007 est.) 3.13% (2007 est.)
Radio broadcast stations AM 5, FM 1, shortwave 0 (2004) AM 1, FM 5, shortwave 1 (2001)
Religions Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant 47%, other 3% Catholic 70.3%, Evangelical 3.4%, New Apostolic 2%, Adventist 1.8%, other 3.1%, none 19.4% (2001 census)
Sex ratio NA (2007 est.) at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.026 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.843 male(s)/female


total population: 0.976 male(s)/female (2007 est.)
Suffrage 18 years of age; universal 18 years of age; universal
Telephone system general assessment: adequate system


domestic: islands interconnected by shortwave radiotelephone (used mostly for government purposes), satellite (Intelsat) ground stations, and some coaxial and fiber-optic cable; cellular service available on Kosrae, Pohnpei, and Yap


international: country code - 691; satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean) (2002)
general assessment: adequate facilities


domestic: minimal system


international: country code - 239; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Telephones - main lines in use 12,400 (2005) 7,100 (2005)
Telephones - mobile cellular 14,100 (2005) 12,000 (2005)
Television broadcast stations 3 (cable TV also available) (2004) 2 (2001)
Terrain islands vary geologically from high mountainous islands to low, coral atolls; volcanic outcroppings on Pohnpei, Kosrae, and Chuuk volcanic, mountainous
Total fertility rate 3.07 children born/woman (2007 est.) 5.53 children born/woman (2007 est.)
Unemployment rate 22% (2000 est.) NA%
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