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 Chad (2001)Chad (2003)
 ChadChad
Administrative divisions 14 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture); Batha, Biltine, Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti, Chari-Baguirmi, Guera, Kanem, Lac, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Mayo-Kebbi, Moyen-Chari, Ouaddai, Salamat, Tandjile 14 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture); Batha, Biltine, Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti, Chari-Baguirmi, Guera, Kanem, Lac, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Mayo-Kebbi, Moyen-Chari, Ouaddai, Salamat, Tandjile


note: instead of 14 prefectures, there may be a new administrative structure of 28 departments (departments, singular - department), and 1 city*; Assongha, Baguirmi, Bahr El Gazal, Bahr Koh, Batha Oriental, Batha Occidental, Biltine, Borkou, Dababa, Ennedi, Guera, Hadjer Lamis, Kabia, Kanem, Lac, Lac Iro, Logone Occidental, Logone Oriental, Mandoul, Mayo-Boneye, Mayo-Dallah, Monts de Lam, N'Djamena*, Ouaddai, Salamat, Sila, Tandjile Oriental, Tandjile Occidental, Tibesti
Age structure 0-14 years:
47.73% (male 2,091,724; female 2,064,514)

15-64 years:
49.46% (male 2,035,099; female 2,271,389)

65 years and over:
2.81% (male 101,579; female 142,773) (2001 est.)
0-14 years: 47.9% (male 2,228,605; female 2,201,368)


15-64 years: 49.3% (male 2,171,169; female 2,393,184)


65 years and over: 2.8% (male 105,686; female 153,481) (2003 est.)
Agriculture - products cotton, sorghum, millet, peanuts, rice, potatoes, manioc (tapioca); cattle, sheep, goats, camels cotton, sorghum, millet, peanuts, rice, potatoes, manioc (tapioca); cattle, sheep, goats, camels
Airports 50 (2000 est.) 50 (2002)
Airports - with paved runways total:
7

over 3,047 m:
2

2,438 to 3,047 m:
3

1,524 to 2,437 m:
1

under 914 m:
1 (2000 est.)
total: 7


over 3,047 m: 2


2,438 to 3,047 m: 3


1,524 to 2,437 m: 1


under 914 m: 1 (2002)
Airports - with unpaved runways total:
43

1,524 to 2,437 m:
12

914 to 1,523 m:
20

under 914 m:
11 (2000 est.)
total: 43


1,524 to 2,437 m: 13


914 to 1,523 m: 20


under 914 m: 10 (2002)
Area total:
1.284 million sq km

land:
1,259,200 sq km

water:
24,800 sq km
total: 1.284 million sq km


land: 1,259,200 sq km


water: 24,800 sq km
Area - comparative slightly more than three times the size of California slightly more than three times the size of California
Background Chad, part of France's African holdings until 1960, endured three decades of ethnic warfare as well as invasions by Libya before a semblance of peace was finally restored in 1990. The government eventually suppressed or came to terms with most political-military groups, settled a territorial dispute with Libya on terms favorable to Chad, drafted a democratic constitution, and held multiparty presidential and National Assembly elections in 1996 and 1997 respectively. In 1998 a new rebellion broke out in northern Chad, which continued to escalate throughout 2000. Despite movement toward democratic reform, power remains in the hands of a northern ethnic oligarchy. Chad, part of France's African holdings until 1960, endured three decades of ethnic warfare as well as invasions by Libya before a semblance of peace was finally restored in 1990. The government eventually suppressed or came to terms with most political-military groups, settled a territorial dispute with Libya on terms favorable to Chad, drafted a democratic constitution, and held multiparty presidential and National Assembly elections in 1996 and 1997, respectively. In 1998, a new rebellion broke out in northern Chad, which continued to escalate throughout 2000. A peace agreement, signed in January 2002 between the government and the rebels, provides for the demobilization of the rebels and their reintegration into the political system. Despite movement toward democratic reform, power remains in the hands of a northern ethnic oligarchy.
Birth rate 48.28 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) 47.06 births/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Budget revenues:
$198 million

expenditures:
$218 million, including capital expenditures of $146 million (1998 est.)
revenues: $198 million


expenditures: $218 million, including capital expenditures of $146 million (1998 est.)
Capital N'Djamena N'Djamena
Climate tropical in south, desert in north tropical in south, desert in north
Coastline 0 km (landlocked) 0 km (landlocked)
Constitution passed by referendum 31 March 1995 passed by referendum 31 March 1996
Country name conventional long form:
Republic of Chad

conventional short form:
Chad

local long form:
Republique du Tchad

local short form:
Tchad
conventional long form: Republic of Chad


conventional short form: Chad


local long form: Republique du Tchad


local short form: Tchad
Currency Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XAF); note - responsible authority is the Bank of the Central African States
Death rate 15.4 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) 16.38 deaths/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Debt - external $1 billion (1999 est.) $1.1 billion (2000 est.)
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission:
Ambassador Christopher E. GOLDTHWAIT

embassy:
Avenue Felix Eboue, N'Djamena

mailing address:
B. P. 413, N'Djamena

telephone:
[235] (51) 70-09, (51) 90-52, (51) 92-33

FAX:
[235] (51) 56-54
chief of mission: Ambassador Christopher E. GOLDTHWAIT


embassy: Avenue Felix Eboue, N'Djamena


mailing address: B. P. 413, N'Djamena


telephone: [235] (51) 70-09


FAX: [235] (51) 56-54
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission:
Ambassador Hassaballah Abdelhadi Ahmat SOUBIANE

chancery:
2002 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20009

telephone:
[1] (202) 462-4009

FAX:
[1] (202) 265-1937
chief of mission: Ambassador Hassaballah Abdelhadi Ahmat SOUBIANE


chancery: 2002 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20009


telephone: [1] (202) 462-4009


FAX: [1] (202) 265-1937
Disputes - international delimitation of international boundaries in the vicinity of Lake Chad, the lack of which led to border incidents in the past, has been completed and awaits ratification by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria internal political instabilities with fighting and violence overlap into Chad and Central African Republic, leaving refugees and rebel groups in both countries; Chadian Aozou rebels reside in southern Libya; Lake Chad Commission continues to urge signatories Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria to ratify delimitation treaty over lake region, which remains the site of armed clashes among local populations and militias; Chad rejects Nigerian request to redemarcate boundary, the site of continuing cross-border incidents
Economic aid - recipient $238.3 million (1995); note - $125 million committed by Taiwan (August 1997); $30 million committed by African Development Bank $238.3 million; note - $125 million committed by Taiwan (August 1997); $30 million committed by African Development Bank; ODA $150 million
Economy - overview Landlocked Chad's economic development suffers from its geographic remoteness, drought, lack of infrastructure, and political turmoil. About 85% of the population depends on agriculture, including the herding of livestock. Of Africa's Francophone countries, Chad benefited least from the 50% devaluation of their currencies in January 1994. Financial aid from the World Bank, the African Development Fund, and other sources is directed largely at the improvement of agriculture, especially livestock production. The World Bank's decision to back the Doba oil field development and the Chad-Cameroon pipeline will add Chad to the group of already booming West African oil exporters. However, the rank and file may not benefit much from the oil development projects. Chad's primarily agricultural economy will continue to be boosted by major oilfield and pipeline projects that began in 2000. Over 80% of Chad's population relies on subsistence farming and stock raising for its livelihood. Cotton, cattle, and gum arabic provide the bulk of Chad's export earnings, but Chad will begin to export oil in 2004. Chad's economy has long been handicapped by its landlocked position, high energy costs, and a history of instability. Chad relies on foreign assistance and foreign capital for most public and private sector investment projects. A consortium led by two US companies has been investing $3.7 billion to develop oil reserves estimated at 1 billion barrels in southern Chad. Oil production is scheduled to come on stream in late 2003.
Electricity - consumption 83.7 million kWh (1999) 87.46 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports 0 kWh (1999) 0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports 0 kWh (1999) 0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - production 90 million kWh (1999) 94.04 million kWh (2001)
Electricity - production by source fossil fuel:
100%

hydro:
0%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0% (1999)
fossil fuel: 100%


hydro: 0%


nuclear: 0%


other: 0% (2001)
Elevation extremes lowest point:
Djourab Depression 160 m

highest point:
Emi Koussi 3,415 m
lowest point: Djourab Depression 160 m


highest point: Emi Koussi 3,415 m
Environment - current issues inadequate supplies of potable water; improper waste disposal in rural areas contributes to soil and water pollution; desertification inadequate supplies of potable water; improper waste disposal in rural areas contributes to soil and water pollution; desertification
Environment - international agreements party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:
Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands


signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping
Ethnic groups Muslims, commonly referred to as "northerners" or "gorane" (Arabs, Toubou, Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Kanembou, Baguirmi, Boulala, Zaghawa, and Maba); non-Muslims, commonly referred to as "southerners" (Sara, Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye, Moundang, Moussei, Massa) including nonindigenous 150,000 (of whom 1,000 are French)

note:
ethnicity and regional background more commonly used to identify Chadians than religious affiliation
200 distinct groups; in the north and center: Arabs, Gorane (Toubou, Daza, Kreda), Zaghawa, Kanembou, Ouaddai, Baguirmi, Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Hausa, Boulala, and Maba, most of whom are Muslim; in the south: Sara (Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye), Moundang, Moussei, Massa, most of whom are Christian or animist; about 1,000 French citizens live in Chad
Exchange rates Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar - 699.21 (January 2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.70 (1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996); note - from 1 January 1999, the XAF is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XAF per euro Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XAF) per US dollar - 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000), 615.7 (1999), 589.95 (1998)
Executive branch chief of state:
President Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY (since 4 December 1990)

head of government:
Prime Minister Nagoum YAMASSOUM (since 13 December 1999)

cabinet:
Council of State, members appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister

elections:
president elected by popular vote to serve five-year term; if no candidate receives at least 50% of the total vote, the two candidates receiving the most votes must stand for a second round of voting; last held 20 May 2001 (next to be held NA 2006); prime minister appointed by the president

election results:
Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY elected president; percent of vote - Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY 63%, Ngarlegy YORONGAR 16%, Saleh KEBZABO 7%

note:
government coalition - MPS, UNDR, and URD
chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY (since 4 December 1990)


head of government: Prime Minister Moussa Faki MAHAMAT (since NA July 2003)


cabinet: Council of State, members appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister


elections: president elected by popular vote to serve five-year term; if no candidate receives at least 50% of the total vote, the two candidates receiving the most votes must stand for a second round of voting; last held 20 May 2001 (next to be held NA 2006); prime minister appointed by the president


election results: Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY reelected president; percent of vote - Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY 63%, Ngarlegy YORONGAR 16%, Saleh KEBZABO 7%


note: government coalition - MPS, UNDR, and URD
Exports $172 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.) NA (2001)
Exports - commodities cotton, cattle, textiles cotton, cattle, gum arabic
Exports - partners Portugal 38%, Germany 12%, Thailand, Costa Rica, South Africa, France (1999) Portugal 28.3%, Germany 13.6%, US 7.8%, Czech Republic 6.5%, France 5.8%, Nigeria 5.8%, Poland 5.5%, Spain 5.2%, Morocco 4.5% (2002)
Fiscal year calendar year calendar year
Flag description three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; similar to the flag of Romania; also similar to the flags of Andorra and Moldova, both of which have a national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; design was based on the flag of France three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; similar to the flag of Romania; also similar to the flags of Andorra and Moldova, both of which have a national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; design was based on the flag of France
GDP purchasing power parity - $8.1 billion (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $9.297 billion (2002 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture:
40%

industry:
14%

services:
46% (1998)
agriculture: 38%


industry: 13%


services: 49% (2001 est.)
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $1,000 (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $1,000 (2002 est.)
GDP - real growth rate 4% (2000 est.) 7.4% (2002 est.)
Geographic coordinates 15 00 N, 19 00 E 15 00 N, 19 00 E
Geography - note landlocked; Lake Chad is the most significant water body in the Sahel landlocked; Lake Chad is the most significant water body in the Sahel
Highways total:
33,400 km

paved:
267 km

unpaved:
33,133 km (1996)
total: 33,400 km


paved: 267 km


unpaved: 33,133 km (1999 est.)
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%:
NA%

highest 10%:
NA%
lowest 10%: NA%


highest 10%: NA%
Imports $223 million (f.o.b., 2000 est.) NA (2001)
Imports - commodities machinery and transportation equipment, industrial goods, petroleum products, foodstuffs, textiles machinery and transportation equipment, industrial goods, petroleum products, foodstuffs, textiles
Imports - partners France 40%, Cameroon 13%, Nigeria 12%, India 5% (1999) France 31.5%, US 31.4%, Germany 5.5%, Nigeria 4.6% (2002)
Independence 11 August 1960 (from France) 11 August 1960 (from France)
Industrial production growth rate 5% (1995) 5% (1995)
Industries cotton textiles, meatpacking, beer brewing, natron (sodium carbonate), soap, cigarettes, construction materials oil, cotton textiles, meatpacking, beer brewing, natron (sodium carbonate), soap, cigarettes, construction materials
Infant mortality rate 95.06 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) total: 95.74 deaths/1,000 live births


male: 105 deaths/1,000 live births


female: 86.11 deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 3% (2000 est.) 6% (2002 est.)
International organization participation ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CEEAC, CEMAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CEEAC, CEMAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, ITU, NAM, OAU, OIC, OPCW (signatory), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 1 (2000) 1 (2002)
Irrigated land 140 sq km (1993 est.) 200 sq km (1998 est.)
Judicial branch Supreme Court; Court of Appeal; Criminal Courts; Magistrate Courts Supreme Court; Court of Appeal; Criminal Courts; Magistrate Courts
Labor force NA NA
Labor force - by occupation agriculture 85% (subsistence farming, herding, and fishing) agriculture more than 80% (subsistence farming, herding, and fishing)
Land boundaries total:
5,968 km

border countries:
Cameroon 1,094 km, Central African Republic 1,197 km, Libya 1,055 km, Niger 1,175 km, Nigeria 87 km, Sudan 1,360 km
total: 5,968 km


border countries: Cameroon 1,094 km, Central African Republic 1,197 km, Libya 1,055 km, Niger 1,175 km, Nigeria 87 km, Sudan 1,360 km
Land use arable land:
3%

permanent crops:
0%

permanent pastures:
36%

forests and woodland:
26%

other:
35% (1993 est.)
arable land: 2.78%


permanent crops: 0.02%


other: 97.2% (1998 est.)
Languages French (official), Arabic (official), Sara and Sango (in south), more than 100 different languages and dialects French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), more than 120 different languages and dialects
Legal system based on French civil law system and Chadian customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction based on French civil law system and Chadian customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch unicameral National Assembly (125 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms); replaces the Higher Transitional Council or the Conseil Superieur de Transition

elections:
National Assembly - last held in two rounds on 5 January and 23 February 1997 (next to be held in late 2001); in the first round of voting some candidates won clear victories by receiving 50% or more of the vote; where that did not happen, the two highest scoring candidates stood for a second round of voting

election results:
percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - MPS 65, URD 29, UNDR 15, RDP 3, others 13
bicameral according to constitution, consists of a National Assembly (155 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) and a Senate (not yet created and size unspecified, members to serve six-year terms, one-third of membership renewable every two years)


elections: National Assembly - last held 21 April 2002 (next to be held in NA April 2006)


election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - MPS 110, RDP 12, FAR 9, RNDP 5, URD 5, UNDR 3, others 11
Life expectancy at birth total population:
50.88 years

male:
48.86 years

female:
52.98 years (2001 est.)
total population: 48.51 years


male: 46.97 years


female: 50.1 years (2003 est.)
Literacy definition:
age 15 and over can read and write French or Arabic

total population:
48.1%

male:
62.1%

female:
34.7% (1995 est.)
definition: age 15 and over can read and write French or Arabic


total population: 47.5%


male: 56%


female: 39.3% (2003 est.)
Location Central Africa, south of Libya Central Africa, south of Libya
Map references Africa Africa
Maritime claims none (landlocked) none (landlocked)
Military branches Armed Forces (includes Ground Force, Air Force, and Gendarmerie), Republican Guard, Rapid Intervention Force, Police, Rural and Nomadic Guard (GNNT) Armed Forces (including National Army, Air Force, and Gendarmerie), Rapid Intervention Force, National and Nomadic Guard (GNNT), Presidential Security Guard, Police
Military expenditures - dollar figure $39 million (FY96) $40.74 million (FY02)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 3.5% (FY96) 1.9% (FY02)
Military manpower - availability males age 15-49:
1,814,578 (2001 est.)
males age 15-49: 1,940,328 (2003 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service males age 15-49:
949,997 (2001 est.)
males age 15-49: 1,015,982 (2003 est.)
Military manpower - military age 20 years of age 20 years of age (2003 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually males:
82,003 (2001 est.)
males: 86,953 (2003 est.)
National holiday Independence Day, 11 August (1960) Independence Day, 11 August (1960)
Nationality noun:
Chadian(s)

adjective:
Chadian
noun: Chadian(s)


adjective: Chadian
Natural hazards hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; periodic droughts; locust plagues hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; periodic droughts; locust plagues
Natural resources petroleum (unexploited but exploration under way), uranium, natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad) petroleum (unexploited but exploration under way), uranium, natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad)
Net migration rate 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2003 est.)
Pipelines - oil 205 km (2003)
Political parties and leaders National Union for Development and Renewal or UNDR [Saleh KEBZABO]; Patriotic Salvation Movement or MPS [Mahamat Saleh AHMAT, chairman] (originally in opposition but now the party in power and the party of the president); Rally for Democracy and Progress or RDP [Lal Mahamat CHOUA]; Union for Renewal and Democracy or URD [Gen. Wadal Abdelkader KAMOUGUE] Federation Action for the Republic or FAR [Ngarlejy YORONGAR]; National Rally for Development and Progress or RNDP [Mamadou BISSO]; National Union for Democracy and Renewal or UNDR [Saleh KEBZABO]; Patriotic Salvation Movement or MPS [Mahamat Saleh AHMAT, chairman] (originally in opposition but now the party in power and the party of the president); Union for Renewal and Democracy or URD [Gen. Wadal Abdelkader KAMOUGUE]; Viva Rally for Development and Progress or Viva RNDP [Delwa Kassire COUMAKOYE]
Political pressure groups and leaders NA NA
Population 8,707,078 (July 2001 est.) 9,253,493 (July 2003 est.)
Population below poverty line 64% (1995 est.) 80% (2001 est.)
Population growth rate 3.29% (2001 est.) 3.07% (2003 est.)
Ports and harbors none none
Radio broadcast stations AM 2, FM 3, shortwave 5 (1998) AM 2, FM 4, shortwave 5 (2002)
Radios 1.67 million (1997) -
Railways 0 km 0 km
Religions Muslim 50%, Christian 25%, indigenous beliefs (mostly animism) 25% Muslim 51%, Christian 35%, animist 7%, other 7%
Sex ratio at birth:
1.04 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.01 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
0.9 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.71 male(s)/female

total population:
0.94 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.69 male(s)/female


total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2003 est.)
Suffrage 18 years of age; universal 18 years of age; universal
Telephone system general assessment:
primitive system

domestic:
fair system of radiotelephone communication stations

international:
satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
general assessment: primitive system


domestic: fair system of radiotelephone communication stations


international: satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)
Telephones - main lines in use 7,000 (1997) 9,700 (1999)
Telephones - mobile cellular NA 5,500 (2000)
Television broadcast stations 1 (1997) 1 (2002)
Terrain broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in northwest, lowlands in south broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in northwest, lowlands in south
Total fertility rate 6.56 children born/woman (2001 est.) 6.44 children born/woman (2003 est.)
Unemployment rate NA% NA%
Waterways 2,000 km 2,000 km
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