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  Languages (2005)Languages (2004)
Afghanistan Afghanistan Afghan Persian or Dari (official) 50%, Pashtu (official) 35%, Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor languages (primarily Balochi and Pashai) 4%, much bilingualism Pashtu (official) 35%, Afghan Persian (Dari) 50%, Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor languages (primarily Balochi and Pashai) 4%, much bilingualism
Akrotiri Akrotiri English, Greek -
Albania Albania Albanian (official - derived from Tosk dialect), Greek, Vlach, Romani, Slavic dialects Albanian (official - derived from Tosk dialect), Greek, Vlach, Romani, Slavic dialects
Algeria Algeria Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects
American Samoa American Samoa Samoan 90.6% (closely related to Hawaiian and other Polynesian languages), English 2.9%, Tongan 2.4%, other Pacific islander 2.1%, other 2%


note: most people are bilingual (2000 census)
Samoan (closely related to Hawaiian and other Polynesian languages), English


note: most people are bilingual
Andorra Andorra Catalan (official), French, Castilian, Portuguese Catalan (official), French, Castilian, Portuguese
Angola Angola Portuguese (official), Bantu and other African languages Portuguese (official), Bantu and other African languages
Anguilla Anguilla English (official) English (official)
Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda English (official), local dialects English (official), local dialects
Argentina Argentina Spanish (official), English, Italian, German, French Spanish (official), English, Italian, German, French
Armenia Armenia Armenian 97.7%, Yezidi 1%, Russian 0.9%, other 0.4% (2001 census) Armenian 96%, Russian 2%, other 2%
Aruba Aruba Dutch (official), Papiamento (a Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, English dialect), English (widely spoken), Spanish Dutch (official), Papiamento (a Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, English dialect), English (widely spoken), Spanish
Australia Australia English 79.1%, Chinese 2.1%, Italian 1.9%, other 11.1%, unspecified 5.8% (2001 Census) English, native languages
Austria Austria German (official nationwide), Slovene (official in Carinthia), Croatian (official in Burgenland), Hungarian (official in Burgenland) German (official nationwide), Slovene (official in Carinthia), Croatian (official in Burgenland), Hungarian (official in Burgenland)
Azerbaijan Azerbaijan Azerbaijani (Azeri) 89%, Russian 3%, Armenian 2%, other 6% (1995 est.) Azerbaijani (Azeri) 89%, Russian 3%, Armenian 2%, other 6% (1995 est.)
Bahamas, The Bahamas, The English (official), Creole (among Haitian immigrants) English (official), Creole (among Haitian immigrants)
Bahrain Bahrain Arabic, English, Farsi, Urdu Arabic, English, Farsi, Urdu
Bangladesh Bangladesh Bangla (official, also known as Bengali), English Bangla (official, also known as Bengali), English
Barbados Barbados English English
Belarus Belarus Belarusian, Russian, other Belarusian, Russian, other
Belgium Belgium Dutch (official) 60%, French (official) 40%, German (official) less than 1%, legally bilingual (Dutch and French) Dutch (official) 60%, French (official) 40%, German (official) less than 1%, legally bilingual (Dutch and French)
Belize Belize English (official), Spanish, Mayan, Garifuna (Carib), Creole English (official), Spanish, Mayan, Garifuna (Carib), Creole
Benin Benin French (official), Fon and Yoruba (most common vernaculars in south), tribal languages (at least six major ones in north) French (official), Fon and Yoruba (most common vernaculars in south), tribal languages (at least six major ones in north)
Bermuda Bermuda English (official), Portuguese English (official), Portuguese
Bhutan Bhutan Dzongkha (official), Bhotes speak various Tibetan dialects, Nepalese speak various Nepalese dialects Dzongkha (official), Bhotes speak various Tibetan dialects, Nepalese speak various Nepalese dialects
Bolivia Bolivia Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara (official) Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara (official)
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian
Botswana Botswana Setswana 78.2%, Kalanga 7.9%, Sekgalagadi 2.8%, English 2.1% (official), other 8.6%, unspecified 0.4% (2001 census) English (official), Setswana
Brazil Brazil Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French
British Virgin Islands British Virgin Islands English (official) English (official)
Brunei Brunei Malay (official), English, Chinese Malay (official), English, Chinese
Bulgaria Bulgaria Bulgarian 84.5%, Turkish 9.6%, Roma 4.1%, other and unspecified 1.8% (2001 census) Bulgarian, secondary languages closely correspond to ethnic breakdown
Burkina Faso Burkina Faso French (official), native African languages belonging to Sudanic family spoken by 90% of the population French (official), native African languages belonging to Sudanic family spoken by 90% of the population
Burma Burma Burmese, minority ethnic groups have their own languages Burmese, minority ethnic groups have their own languages
Burundi Burundi Kirundi (official), French (official), Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area) Kirundi (official), French (official), Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area)
Cambodia Cambodia Khmer (official) 95%, French, English Khmer (official) 95%, French, English
Cameroon Cameroon 24 major African language groups, English (official), French (official) 24 major African language groups, English (official), French (official)
Canada Canada English (official) 59.3%, French (official) 23.2%, other 17.5% English 59.3% (official), French 23.2% (official), other 17.5%
Cape Verde Cape Verde Portuguese, Crioulo (a blend of Portuguese and West African words) Portuguese, Crioulo (a blend of Portuguese and West African words)
Cayman Islands Cayman Islands English English
Central African Republic Central African Republic French (official), Sangho (lingua franca and national language), tribal languages French (official), Sangho (lingua franca and national language), tribal languages
Chad Chad French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), more than 120 different languages and dialects French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), more than 120 different languages and dialects
Chile Chile Spanish Spanish
China China Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua, based on the Beijing dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghaiese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages (see Ethnic groups entry) Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua, based on the Beijing dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghaiese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages (see Ethnic groups entry)
Christmas Island Christmas Island English (official), Chinese, Malay English (official), Chinese, Malay
Cocos (Keeling) Islands Cocos (Keeling) Islands Malay (Cocos dialect), English Malay (Cocos dialect), English
Colombia Colombia Spanish Spanish
Comoros Comoros Arabic (official), French (official), Shikomoro (a blend of Swahili and Arabic) Arabic (official), French (official), Shikomoro (a blend of Swahili and Arabic)
Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the French (official), Lingala (a lingua franca trade language), Kingwana (a dialect of Kiswahili or Swahili), Kikongo, Tshiluba French (official), Lingala (a lingua franca trade language), Kingwana (a dialect of Kiswahili or Swahili), Kikongo, Tshiluba
Congo, Republic of the Congo, Republic of the French (official), Lingala and Monokutuba (lingua franca trade languages), many local languages and dialects (of which Kikongo is the most widespread) French (official), Lingala and Monokutuba (lingua franca trade languages), many local languages and dialects (of which Kikongo is the most widespread)
Cook Islands Cook Islands English (official), Maori English (official), Maori
Costa Rica Costa Rica Spanish (official), English Spanish (official), English
Cote d'Ivoire Cote d'Ivoire French (official), 60 native dialects with Dioula the most widely spoken French (official), 60 native dialects with Dioula the most widely spoken
Croatia Croatia Croatian 96.1%, Serbian 1%, other and undesignated 2.9% (including Italian, Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, and German) (2001 census) Croatian 96%, other 4% (including Italian, Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, and German)
Cuba Cuba Spanish Spanish
Cyprus Cyprus Greek, Turkish, English Greek, Turkish, English
Czech Republic Czech Republic Czech Czech
Denmark Denmark Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Inuit dialect), German (small minority)


note: English is the predominant second language
Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Inuit dialect), German (small minority)


note: English is the predominant second language
Dhekelia Dhekelia English, Greek -
Djibouti Djibouti French (official), Arabic (official), Somali, Afar French (official), Arabic (official), Somali, Afar
Dominica Dominica English (official), French patois English (official), French patois
Dominican Republic Dominican Republic Spanish Spanish
East Timor East Timor Tetum (official), Portuguese (official), Indonesian, English


note: there are about 16 indigenous languages; Tetum, Galole, Mambae, and Kemak are spoken by significant numbers of people
Tetum (official), Portuguese (official), Indonesian, English


note: there are about 16 indigenous languages; Tetum, Galole, Mambae, and Kemak are spoken by significant numbers of people
Ecuador Ecuador Spanish (official), Amerindian languages (especially Quechua) Spanish (official), Amerindian languages (especially Quechua)
Egypt Egypt Arabic (official), English and French widely understood by educated classes Arabic (official), English and French widely understood by educated classes
El Salvador El Salvador Spanish, Nahua (among some Amerindians) Spanish, Nahua (among some Amerindians)
Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea Spanish (official), French (official), pidgin English, Fang, Bubi, Ibo Spanish (official), French (official), pidgin English, Fang, Bubi, Ibo
Eritrea Eritrea Afar, Arabic, Tigre and Kunama, Tigrinya, other Cushitic languages Afar, Arabic, Tigre and Kunama, Tigrinya, other Cushitic languages
Estonia Estonia Estonian (official) 67.3%, Russian 29.7%, other 2.3%, unknown 0.7% (2000 census) Estonian (official), Russian, Ukrainian, Finnish, other
Ethiopia Ethiopia Amharic, Tigrinya, Oromigna, Guaragigna, Somali, Arabic, other local languages, English (major foreign language taught in schools) Amharic, Tigrinya, Oromigna, Guaragigna, Somali, Arabic, other local languages, English (major foreign language taught in schools)
European Union European Union Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Slovak, Slovene, Spanish, Swedish; note - only official languages are listed; Irish (Gaelic) will become the twenty-first language on 1 January 2007 Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Slovak, Slovene, Spanish, Swedish; note - only official languages are listed
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) English English
Faroe Islands Faroe Islands Faroese (derived from Old Norse), Danish Faroese (derived from Old Norse), Danish
Fiji Fiji English (official), Fijian, Hindustani English (official), Fijian, Hindustani
Finland Finland Finnish 92% (official), Swedish 5.6% (official), other 2.4% (small Sami- and Russian-speaking minorities) (2003) Finnish 93.4% (official), Swedish 5.9% (official), small Sami- and Russian-speaking minorities
France France French 100%, rapidly declining regional dialects and languages (Provencal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish) French 100%, rapidly declining regional dialects and languages (Provencal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish)
French Guiana French Guiana French French
French Polynesia French Polynesia French 61.1% (official), Polynesian 31.4% (official), Asian languages 1.2%, other 0.3%, unspecified 6% (2002 census) French (official), Tahitian (official)
Gabon Gabon French (official), Fang, Myene, Nzebi, Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabi French (official), Fang, Myene, Nzebi, Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabi
Gambia, The Gambia, The English (official), Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other indigenous vernaculars English (official), Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other indigenous vernaculars
Gaza Strip Gaza Strip Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by Israeli settlers and many Palestinians), English (widely understood) Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by Israeli settlers and many Palestinians), English (widely understood)
Georgia Georgia Georgian 71% (official), Russian 9%, Armenian 7%, Azeri 6%, other 7%


note: Abkhaz is the official language in Abkhazia
Georgian 71% (official), Russian 9%, Armenian 7%, Azeri 6%, other 7%


note: Abkhaz is the official language in Abkhazia
Germany Germany German German
Ghana Ghana English (official), African languages (including Akan, Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe, and Ga) English (official), African languages (including Akan, Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe, and Ga)
Gibraltar Gibraltar English (used in schools and for official purposes), Spanish, Italian, Portuguese English (used in schools and for official purposes), Spanish, Italian, Portuguese
Greece Greece Greek 99% (official), English, French Greek 99% (official), English, French
Greenland Greenland Greenlandic (East Inuit), Danish, English Greenlandic (East Inuit), Danish, English
Grenada Grenada English (official), French patois English (official), French patois
Guadeloupe Guadeloupe French (official) 99%, Creole patois French (official) 99%, Creole patois
Guam Guam English 38.3%, Chamorro 22.2%, Philippine languages 22.2%, other Pacific island languages 6.8%, Asian languages 7%, other languages 3.5% (2000 census) English, Chamorro, Japanese
Guatemala Guatemala Spanish 60%, Amerindian languages 40% (23 officially recognized Amerindian languages, including Quiche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi, Mam, Garifuna, and Xinca) Spanish 60%, Amerindian languages 40% (23 officially recognized Amerindian languages, including Quiche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi, Mam, Garifuna, and Xinca)
Guernsey Guernsey English, French, Norman-French dialect spoken in country districts English, French, Norman-French dialect spoken in country districts
Guinea Guinea French (official), each ethnic group has its own language French (official), each ethnic group has its own language
Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau Portuguese (official), Crioulo, African languages Portuguese (official), Crioulo, African languages
Guyana Guyana English, Amerindian dialects, Creole, Hindi, Urdu English, Amerindian dialects, Creole, Hindi, Urdu
Haiti Haiti French (official), Creole (official) French (official), Creole (official)
Holy See (Vatican City) Holy See (Vatican City) Italian, Latin, French, various other languages Italian, Latin, French, various other languages
Honduras Honduras Spanish, Amerindian dialects Spanish, Amerindian dialects
Hong Kong Hong Kong Chinese (Cantonese), English; both are official Chinese (Cantonese), English; both are official
Hungary Hungary Hungarian 93.6%, other or unspecified 6.4% (2001 census) Hungarian 98.2%, other 1.8%
Iceland Iceland Icelandic, English, Nordic languages, German widely spoken Icelandic, English, Nordic languages, German widely spoken
India India English enjoys associate status but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication; Hindi is the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people; there are 14 other official languages: Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit; Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is not an official language English enjoys associate status but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication; Hindi is the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people; there are 14 other official languages: Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit; Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is not an official language
Indonesia Indonesia Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese
Iran Iran Persian and Persian dialects 58%, Turkic and Turkic dialects 26%, Kurdish 9%, Luri 2%, Balochi 1%, Arabic 1%, Turkish 1%, other 2% Persian and Persian dialects 58%, Turkic and Turkic dialects 26%, Kurdish 9%, Luri 2%, Balochi 1%, Arabic 1%, Turkish 1%, other 2%
Iraq Iraq Arabic, Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian, Armenian Arabic, Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian, Armenian
Ireland Ireland English (official) is the language generally used, Irish (official) (Gaelic or Gaeilge) spoken mainly in areas located along the western seaboard English is the language generally used, Irish (Gaelic or Gaeilge) spoken mainly in areas located along the western seaboard
Isle of Man Isle of Man English, Manx Gaelic English, Manx Gaelic
Israel Israel Hebrew (official), Arabic used officially for Arab minority, English most commonly used foreign language Hebrew (official), Arabic used officially for Arab minority, English most commonly used foreign language
Italy Italy Italian (official), German (parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German speaking), French (small French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region), Slovene (Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area) Italian (official), German (parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German speaking), French (small French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region), Slovene (Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area)
Jamaica Jamaica English, patois English English, patois English
Japan Japan Japanese Japanese
Jersey Jersey English 94.5% (official), Portuguese 4.6%, other 0.9% (2001 census) English (official), French (official), Norman-French dialect spoken in country districts
Jordan Jordan Arabic (official), English widely understood among upper and middle classes Arabic (official), English widely understood among upper and middle classes
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Kazakh (Qazaq, state language) 64.4%, Russian (official, used in everyday business, designated the "language of interethnic communication") 95% (2001 est.) Kazakh (Qazaq, state language) 64.4%, Russian (official, used in everyday business, designated the "language of interethnic communication") 95% (2001 est.)
Kenya Kenya English (official), Kiswahili (official), numerous indigenous languages English (official), Kiswahili (official), numerous indigenous languages
Kiribati Kiribati I-Kiribati, English (official) I-Kiribati, English (official)
Korea, North Korea, North Korean Korean
Korea, South Korea, South Korean, English widely taught in junior high and high school Korean, English widely taught in junior high and high school
Kuwait Kuwait Arabic (official), English widely spoken Arabic (official), English widely spoken
Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz (official), Russian (official) Kyrgyz - official language, Russian - official language


note: in December 2001, the Kyrgyzstani legislature made Russian an official language, equal in status to Kyrgyz
Laos Laos Lao (official), French, English, and various ethnic languages Lao (official), French, English, and various ethnic languages
Latvia Latvia Latvian (official) 58.2%, Russian 37.5%, Lithuanian and other 4.3% (2000 census) Latvian (official), Lithuanian, Russian, other
Lebanon Lebanon Arabic (official), French, English, Armenian Arabic (official), French, English, Armenian
Lesotho Lesotho Sesotho (southern Sotho), English (official), Zulu, Xhosa Sesotho (southern Sotho), English (official), Zulu, Xhosa
Liberia Liberia English 20% (official), some 20 ethnic group languages, of which a few can be written and are used in correspondence English 20% (official), some 20 ethnic group languages, of which a few can be written and are used in correspondence
Libya Libya Arabic, Italian, English, all are widely understood in the major cities Arabic, Italian, English, all are widely understood in the major cities
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein German (official), Alemannic dialect German (official), Alemannic dialect
Lithuania Lithuania Lithuanian (official) 82%, Russian 8%, Polish 5.6%, other and unspecified 4.4% (2001 census) Lithuanian (official), Polish, Russian
Luxembourg Luxembourg Luxembourgish (national language), German (administrative language), French (administrative language) Luxembourgish (national language), German (administrative language), French (administrative language)
Macau Macau Cantonese 87.9%, Hokkien 4.4%, Mandarin 1.6%, other Chinese dialects 3.1%, other 3% (2001 census) Portuguese, Chinese (Cantonese)
Macedonia Macedonia Macedonian 66.5%, Albanian 25.1%, Turkish 3.5%, Roma 1.9%, Serbian 1.2%, other 1.8% (2002 census) Macedonian 68%, Albanian 25%, Turkish 3%, Serbo-Croatian 2%, other 2%
Madagascar Madagascar French (official), Malagasy (official) French (official), Malagasy (official)
Malawi Malawi Chichewa 57.2% (official), Chinyanja 12.8%, Chiyao 10.1%, Chitumbuka 9.5%, Chisena 2.7%, Chilomwe 2.4%, Chitonga 1.7%, other 3.6% (1998 census) English (official), Chichewa (official), other languages important regionally
Malaysia Malaysia Bahasa Melayu (official), English, Chinese dialects (Cantonese, Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka, Hainan, Foochow), Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Panjabi, Thai


note: in addition, in East Malaysia several indigenous languages are spoken, the largest are Iban and Kadazan
Bahasa Melayu (official), English, Chinese dialects (Cantonese, Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka, Hainan, Foochow), Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Panjabi, Thai; note - in addition, in East Malaysia several indigenous languages are spoken, the largest are Iban and Kadazan
Maldives Maldives Maldivian Dhivehi (dialect of Sinhala, script derived from Arabic), English spoken by most government officials Maldivian Dhivehi (dialect of Sinhala, script derived from Arabic), English spoken by most government officials
Mali Mali French (official), Bambara 80%, numerous African languages French (official), Bambara 80%, numerous African languages
Malta Malta Maltese (official), English (official) Maltese (official), English (official)
Marshall Islands Marshall Islands Marshallese 98.2%, other languages 1.8% (1999 census)


note: English widely spoken as a second language; both Marshallese and English are official languages
English (widely spoken as a second language, both English and Marshallese are official languages), two major Marshallese dialects from the Malayo-Polynesian family, Japanese
Martinique Martinique French, Creole patois French, Creole patois
Mauritania Mauritania Arabic (official), Pulaar, Soninke, French, Hassaniya, Wolof Arabic (official), Pulaar, Soninke, French, Hassaniya, Wolof
Mauritius Mauritius Creole 80.5%, Bhojpuri 12.1%, French 3.4% (official), other 3.7%, unspecified 0.3% (2000 census) English (official), Creole, French (official), Hindi, Urdu, Hakka, Bhojpuri
Mayotte Mayotte Mahorian (a Swahili dialect), French (official language) spoken by 35% of the population Mahorian (a Swahili dialect), French (official language) spoken by 35% of the population
Mexico Mexico Spanish, various Mayan, Nahuatl, and other regional indigenous languages Spanish, various Mayan, Nahuatl, and other regional indigenous languages
Micronesia, Federated States of Micronesia, Federated States of English (official and common language), Trukese, Pohnpeian, Yapese, Kosrean, Ulithian, Woleaian, Nukuoro, Kapingamarangi English (official and common language), Trukese, Pohnpeian, Yapese, Kosrean, Ulithian, Woleaian, Nukuoro, Kapingamarangi
Moldova Moldova Moldovan (official, virtually the same as the Romanian language), Russian, Gagauz (a Turkish dialect) Moldovan (official, virtually the same as the Romanian language), Russian, Gagauz (a Turkish dialect)
Monaco Monaco French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque
Mongolia Mongolia Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian (1999) Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian (1999)
Montserrat Montserrat English English
Morocco Morocco Arabic (official), Berber dialects, French often the language of business, government, and diplomacy Arabic (official), Berber dialects, French often the language of business, government, and diplomacy
Mozambique Mozambique Emakhuwa 26.1%, Xichangana 11.3%, Portuguese 8.8% (official; spoken by 27% of population as a second language), Elomwe 7.6%, Cisena 6.8%, Echuwabo 5.8%, other Mozambican languages 32%, other foreign languages 0.3%, unspecified 1.3% (1997 census) Makhuwa, Tsonga, Lomwe, Sena, numerous other indigenous languages, Portuguese (official; spoken by 27% of population as a second language)
Namibia Namibia English 7% (official), Afrikaans common language of most of the population and about 60% of the white population, German 32%, indigenous languages: Oshivambo, Herero, Nama English 7% (official), Afrikaans common language of most of the population and about 60% of the white population, German 32%, indigenous languages: Oshivambo, Herero, Nama
Nauru Nauru Nauruan (official, a distinct Pacific Island language), English widely understood, spoken, and used for most government and commercial purposes Nauruan (official, a distinct Pacific Island language), English widely understood, spoken, and used for most government and commercial purposes
Nepal Nepal Nepali 47.8%, Maithali 12.1%, Bhojpuri 7.4%, Tharu (Dagaura/Rana) 5.8%, Tamang 5.1%, Newar 3.6%, Magar 3.3%, Awadhi 2.4%, other 10%, unspecified 2.5% (2001 census)


note: many in government and business also speak English
Nepali (official; spoken by 90% of the population), about a dozen other languages and about 30 major dialects; note - many in government and business also speak English (1995)
Netherlands Netherlands Dutch (official), Frisian (official) Dutch (official language), Frisian (official language)
Netherlands Antilles Netherlands Antilles Papiamento 65.4% (a Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English dialect), English 15.9% (widely spoken), Dutch 7.3% (official), Spanish 6.1%, Creole 1.6%, other 1.9%, unspecified 1.8% (2001 census) Dutch (official), Papiamento (a Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English dialect) predominates, English widely spoken, Spanish
New Caledonia New Caledonia French (official), 33 Melanesian-Polynesian dialects French (official), 33 Melanesian-Polynesian dialects
New Zealand New Zealand English (official), Maori (official) English (official), Maori (official)
Nicaragua Nicaragua Spanish 97.5% (official), Miskito 1.7%, other 0.8% (1995 census)


note: English and indigenous languages on Atlantic coast
Spanish (official)


note: English and indigenous languages on Atlantic coast
Niger Niger French (official), Hausa, Djerma French (official), Hausa, Djerma
Nigeria Nigeria English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo), Fulani English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo), Fulani
Niue Niue Niuean, a Polynesian language closely related to Tongan and Samoan; English Niuean, a Polynesian language closely related to Tongan and Samoan; English
Norfolk Island Norfolk Island English (official), Norfolk a mixture of 18th century English and ancient Tahitian English (official), Norfolk a mixture of 18th century English and ancient Tahitian
Northern Mariana Islands Northern Mariana Islands Philippine languages 24.4%, Chinese 23.4%, Chamorro 22.4%, English 10.8%, other Pacific island languages 9.5%, other 9.6% (2000 census) English, Chamorro, Carolinian


note: 86% of population speaks a language other than English at home
Norway Norway Bokmal Norwegian (official), Nynorsk Norwegian (official), small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities Bokmal Norwegian (official), Nynorsk Norwegian (official)


note: small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities
Oman Oman Arabic (official), English, Baluchi, Urdu, Indian dialects Arabic (official), English, Baluchi, Urdu, Indian dialects
Pakistan Pakistan Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Siraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu (official) 8%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, English (official and lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries), Burushaski, and other 8% Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Siraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu (official) 8%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, English (official and lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries), Burushaski, and other 8%
Palau Palau Palauan 64.7% official in all islands except Sonsoral (Sonsoralese and English are official), Tobi (Tobi and English are official), and Angaur (Angaur, Japanese, and English are official), Filipino 13.5%, English 9.4%, Chinese 5.7%, Carolinian 1.5%, Japanese 1.5%, other Asian 2.3%, other languages 1.5% (2000 census) English and Palauan official in all states except Sonsoral (Sonsoralese and English are official), Tobi (Tobi and English are official), and Angaur (Angaur, Japanese, and English are official)
Panama Panama Spanish (official), English 14%; note - many Panamanians bilingual Spanish (official), English 14%


note: many Panamanians bilingual
Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea Melanesian Pidgin serves as the lingua franca, English spoken by 1%-2%, Motu spoken in Papua region


note: 715 indigenous languages - many unrelated
Melanesian Pidgin serves as the lingua franca, English spoken by 1%-2%, Motu spoken in Papua region


note: 715 indigenous languages -- many unrelated
Paraguay Paraguay Spanish (official), Guarani (official) Spanish (official), Guarani (official)
Peru Peru Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara, and a large number of minor Amazonian languages Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara, and a large number of minor Amazonian languages
Philippines Philippines two official languages - Filipino (based on Tagalog) and English; eight major dialects - Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon or Ilonggo, Bicol, Waray, Pampango, and Pangasinan two official languages - Filipino (based on Tagalog) and English; eight major dialects - Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocan, Hiligaynon or Ilonggo, Bicol, Waray, Pampango, and Pangasinense
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands English (official), Pitcairnese (mixture of an 18th century English dialect and a Tahitian dialect) English (official), Pitcairnese (mixture of an 18th century English dialect and a Tahitian dialect)
Poland Poland Polish 97.8%, other and unspecified 2.2% (2002 census) Polish
Portugal Portugal Portuguese (official), Mirandese (official - but locally used) Portuguese (official), Mirandese (official - but locally used)
Puerto Rico Puerto Rico Spanish, English Spanish, English
Qatar Qatar Arabic (official), English commonly used as a second language Arabic (official), English commonly used as a second language
Reunion Reunion French (official), Creole widely used French (official), Creole widely used
Romania Romania Romanian (official), Hungarian, German Romanian (official), Hungarian, German
Russia Russia Russian, many minority languages Russian, other
Rwanda Rwanda Kinyarwanda (official) universal Bantu vernacular, French (official), English (official), Kiswahili (Swahili) used in commercial centers Kinyarwanda (official) universal Bantu vernacular, French (official), English (official), Kiswahili (Swahili) used in commercial centers
Saint Helena Saint Helena English English
Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis English English
Saint Lucia Saint Lucia English (official), French patois English (official), French patois
Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saint Pierre and Miquelon French (official) French (official)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Vincent and the Grenadines English, French patois English, French patois
Samoa Samoa Samoan (Polynesian), English Samoan (Polynesian), English
San Marino San Marino Italian Italian
Sao Tome and Principe Sao Tome and Principe Portuguese (official) Portuguese (official)
Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Arabic Arabic
Senegal Senegal French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Jola, Mandinka French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Jola, Mandinka
Serbia and Montenegro Serbia and Montenegro Serbian 95%, Albanian 5% Serbian 95%, Albanian 5%
Seychelles Seychelles Creole 91.8%, English 4.9% (official), other 3.1%, unspecified 0.2% (2002 census) English (official), French (official), Creole
Sierra Leone Sierra Leone English (official, regular use limited to literate minority), Mende (principal vernacular in the south), Temne (principal vernacular in the north), Krio (English-based Creole, spoken by the descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled in the Freetown area, a lingua franca and a first language for 10% of the population but understood by 95%) English (official, regular use limited to literate minority), Mende (principal vernacular in the south), Temne (principal vernacular in the north), Krio (English-based Creole, spoken by the descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled in the Freetown area, a lingua franca and a first language for 10% of the population but understood by 95%)
Singapore Singapore Mandarin 35%, English 23%, Malay 14.1%, Hokkien 11.4%, Cantonese 5.7%, Teochew 4.9%, Tamil 3.2%, other Chinese dialects 1.8%, other 0.9% (2000 census) Chinese (official), Malay (official and national), Tamil (official), English (official)
Slovakia Slovakia Slovak (official) 83.9%, Hungarian 10.7%, Roma 1.8%, Ukrainian 1%, other or unspecified 2.6% (2001 census) Slovak (official), Hungarian
Slovenia Slovenia Slovenian 91.1%, Serbo-Croatian 4.5%, other or unspecified 4.4% (2002 census) Slovenian 92%, Serbo-Croatian 6.2%, other 1.8%
Solomon Islands Solomon Islands Melanesian pidgin in much of the country is lingua franca; English is official but spoken by only 1%-2% of the population


note: 120 indigenous languages
Melanesian pidgin in much of the country is lingua franca; English is official but spoken by only 1%-2% of the population


note: 120 indigenous languages
Somalia Somalia Somali (official), Arabic, Italian, English Somali (official), Arabic, Italian, English
South Africa South Africa IsiZulu 23.8%, IsiXhosa 17.6%, Afrikaans 13.3%, Sepedi 9.4%, English 8.2%, Setswana 8.2%, Sesotho 7.9%, Xitsonga 4.4%, other 7.2% (2001 census) 11 official languages, including Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Pedi, Sotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu
Spain Spain Castilian Spanish 74%, Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2%; note - Castilian is the official language nationwide; the other languages are official regionally Castilian Spanish 74%, Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2%


note: Castilian is the official language nationwide; the other languages are official regionally
Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Sinhala (official and national language) 74%, Tamil (national language) 18%, other 8%


note: English is commonly used in government and is spoken competently by about 10% of the population
Sinhala (official and national language) 74%, Tamil (national language) 18%, other 8%


note: English is commonly used in government and is spoken competently by about 10% of the population
Sudan Sudan Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages, English


note: program of "Arabization" in process
Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages, English


note: program of "Arabization" in process
Suriname Suriname Dutch (official), English (widely spoken), Sranang Tongo (Surinamese, sometimes called Taki-Taki, is native language of Creoles and much of the younger population and is lingua franca among others), Hindustani (a dialect of Hindi), Javanese Dutch (official), English (widely spoken), Sranang Tongo (Surinamese, sometimes called Taki-Taki, is native language of Creoles and much of the younger population and is lingua franca among others), Hindustani (a dialect of Hindi), Javanese
Svalbard Svalbard Norwegian, Russian Norwegian, Russian
Swaziland Swaziland English (official, government business conducted in English), siSwati (official) English (official, government business conducted in English), siSwati (official)
Sweden Sweden Swedish, small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities Swedish


note: small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities
Switzerland Switzerland German (official) 63.7%, French (official) 20.4%, Italian (official) 6.5%, Serbo-Croatian 1.5%, Albanian 1.3%, Portuguese 1.2%, Spanish 1.1%, English 1%, Romansch 0.5%, other 2.8% (2000 census)


note: German, French, Italian, and Romansch are all national languages, but only the first three are official languages
German (official) 63.7%, French (official) 19.2%, Italian (official) 7.6%, Romansch (official) 0.6%, other 8.9%
Syria Syria Arabic (official); Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian widely understood; French, English somewhat understood Arabic (official); Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian widely understood; French, English somewhat understood
Taiwan Taiwan Mandarin Chinese (official), Taiwanese (Min), Hakka dialects Mandarin Chinese (official), Taiwanese (Min), Hakka dialects
Tajikistan Tajikistan Tajik (official), Russian widely used in government and business Tajik (official), Russian widely used in government and business
Tanzania Tanzania Kiswahili or Swahili (official), Kiunguja (name for Swahili in Zanzibar), English (official, primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education), Arabic (widely spoken in Zanzibar), many local languages


note: Kiswahili (Swahili) is the mother tongue of the Bantu people living in Zanzibar and nearby coastal Tanzania; although Kiswahili is Bantu in structure and origin, its vocabulary draws on a variety of sources, including Arabic and English, and it has become the lingua franca of central and eastern Africa; the first language of most people is one of the local languages
Kiswahili or Swahili (official), Kiunguju (name for Swahili in Zanzibar), English (official, primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education), Arabic (widely spoken in Zanzibar), many local languages


note: Kiswahili (Swahili) is the mother tongue of the Bantu people living in Zanzibar and nearby coastal Tanzania; although Kiswahili is Bantu in structure and origin, its vocabulary draws on a variety of sources, including Arabic and English, and it has become the lingua franca of central and eastern Africa; the first language of most people is one of the local languages
Thailand Thailand Thai, English (secondary language of the elite), ethnic and regional dialects Thai, English (secondary language of the elite), ethnic and regional dialects
Togo Togo French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe and Mina (the two major African languages in the south), Kabye (sometimes spelled Kabiye) and Dagomba (the two major African languages in the north) French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe and Mina (the two major African languages in the south), Kabye (sometimes spelled Kabiye) and Dagomba (the two major African languages in the north)
Tokelau Tokelau Tokelauan (a Polynesian language), English Tokelauan (a Polynesian language), English
Tonga Tonga Tongan, English Tongan, English
Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish, Chinese English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish, Chinese
Tunisia Tunisia Arabic (official and one of the languages of commerce), French (commerce) Arabic (official and one of the languages of commerce), French (commerce)
Turkey Turkey Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic, Armenian, Greek Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic, Armenian, Greek
Turkmenistan Turkmenistan Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7% Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7%
Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands English (official) English (official)
Tuvalu Tuvalu Tuvaluan, English, Samoan, Kiribati (on the island of Nui) Tuvaluan, English, Samoan, Kiribati (on the island of Nui)
Uganda Uganda English (official national language, taught in grade schools, used in courts of law and by most newspapers and some radio broadcasts), Ganda or Luganda (most widely used of the Niger-Congo languages, preferred for native language publications in the capital and may be taught in school), other Niger-Congo languages, Nilo-Saharan languages, Swahili, Arabic English (official national language, taught in grade schools, used in courts of law and by most newspapers and some radio broadcasts), Ganda or Luganda (most widely used of the Niger-Congo languages, preferred for native language publications in the capital and may be taught in school), other Niger-Congo languages, Nilo-Saharan languages, Swahili, Arabic
Ukraine Ukraine Ukrainian (official) 67%, Russian 24%; small Romanian-, Polish-, and Hungarian-speaking minorities Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian, Polish, Hungarian
United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates Arabic (official), Persian, English, Hindi, Urdu Arabic (official), Persian, English, Hindi, Urdu
United Kingdom United Kingdom English, Welsh (about 26% of the population of Wales), Scottish form of Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland) English, Welsh (about 26% of the population of Wales), Scottish form of Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland)
United States United States English 82.1%, Spanish 10.7%, other Indo-European 3.8%, Asian and Pacific island 2.7%, other 0.7% (2000 census) English, Spanish (spoken by a sizable minority)
Uruguay Uruguay Spanish, Portunol, or Brazilero (Portuguese-Spanish mix on the Brazilian frontier) Spanish, Portunol, or Brazilero (Portuguese-Spanish mix on the Brazilian frontier)
Uzbekistan Uzbekistan Uzbek 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4%, other 7.1% Uzbek 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4%, other 7.1%
Vanuatu Vanuatu local languages (more than 100) 72.6%, pidgin (known as Bislama or Bichelama) 23.1%, English 1.9%, French 1.4%, other 0.3%, unspecified 0.7% (1999 Census) three official languages: English, French, pidgin (known as Bislama or Bichelama), plus more than 100 local languages
Venezuela Venezuela Spanish (official), numerous indigenous dialects Spanish (official), numerous indigenous dialects
Vietnam Vietnam Vietnamese (official), English (increasingly favored as a second language), some French, Chinese, and Khmer; mountain area languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian) Vietnamese (official), English (increasingly favored as a second language), some French, Chinese, and Khmer; mountain area languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian)
Virgin Islands Virgin Islands English 74.7%, Spanish or Spanish Creole 16.8%, French or French Creole 6.6%, other 1.9% (2000 census) English (official), Spanish, Creole
Wallis and Futuna Wallis and Futuna Wallisian 58.9% (indigenous Polynesian language), Futunian 30.1%, French 10.8%, other 0.2% (2003 census) French, Wallisian (indigenous Polynesian language)
West Bank West Bank Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by Israeli settlers and many Palestinians), English (widely understood) Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by Israeli settlers and many Palestinians), English (widely understood)
Western Sahara Western Sahara Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic
World World Chinese, Mandarin 13.69%, Spanish 5.05%, English 4.84%, Hindi 2.82%, Portuguese 2.77%, Bengali 2.68%, Russian 2.27%, Japanese 1.99%, German, Standard 1.49%, Chinese, Wu 1.21% (2004 est.)


note: percents are for "first language" speakers only
Chinese, Mandarin 14.37%, Hindi 6.02%, English 5.61%, Spanish 5.59%, Bengali 3.4%, Portuguese 2.63%, Russian 2.75%, Japanese 2.06%, German, Standard 1.64%, Korean 1.28%, French 1.27% (2000 est.)


note: percents are for "first language" speakers only
Yemen Yemen Arabic Arabic
Zambia Zambia English (official), major vernaculars - Bemba, Kaonda, Lozi, Lunda, Luvale, Nyanja, Tonga, and about 70 other indigenous languages English (official), major vernaculars - Bemba, Kaonda, Lozi, Lunda, Luvale, Nyanja, Tonga, and about 70 other indigenous languages
Zimbabwe Zimbabwe English (official), Shona, Sindebele (the language of the Ndebele, sometimes called Ndebele), numerous but minor tribal dialects English (official), Shona, Sindebele (the language of the Ndebele, sometimes called Ndebele), numerous but minor tribal dialects
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