Compare Constitution (2004) - Constitution (2006)

Compare Constitution (2004) with Constitution (2006)

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	Constitution (2004)	Constitution (2006)
Afghanistan	new constitution drafted 14 December 2003 - 4 January 2004; signed 16 January 2004	new constitution drafted 14 December 2003-4 January 2004; signed 16 January 2004
Akrotiri	-	Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Order in Council 1960, effective 16 August 1960
Albania	a constitution was adopted by popular referendum on 28 November 1998	adopted by popular referendum on 28 November 1998
Algeria	19 November 1976, effective 22 November 1976; revised 3 November 1988, 23 February 1989, and 28 November 1996	8 September 1963; revised 19 November 1976, effective 22 November 1976; revised 3 November 1988, 23 February 1989, and 28 November 1996
American Samoa	ratified 1966, in effect 1967	ratified 2 June 1966, effective 1 July 1967
Andorra	Andorra's first written constitution was drafted in 1991; approved by referendum 14 March 1993; came into force 4 May 1993	Andorra's first written constitution was drafted in 1991, approved by referendum 14 March 1993, effective 4 May 1993
Angola	11 November 1975; revised 7 January 1978, 11 August 1980, 6 March 1991, and 26 August 1992; note - new constitution has not yet been approved	11 November 1975; revised 7 January 1978, 11 August 1980, 6 March 1991, and 26 August 1992; note - a new constitution will likely be passed following the next legislative election
Armenia	adopted by nationwide referendum 5 July 1995	adopted by nationwide referendum 5 July 1995; amendments adopted through a nationwide referendum 27 November 2005
Bahrain	adopted late December 2000; Bahrani voters approved on 13-14 February 2001 a referendum on legislative changes (revised constitution calls for a partially elected legislature, a constitutional monarchy, and an independent judiciary)	new constitution 14 February 2002
Bangladesh	4 November 1972, effective 16 December 1972, suspended following coup of 24 March 1982, restored 10 November 1986, amended many times	4 November 1972, effective 16 December 1972; suspended following coup of 24 March 1982, restored 10 November 1986; amended many times
Belarus	30 March 1994; revised by national referendum of 24 November 1996 giving the presidency greatly expanded powers and became effective 27 November 1996; revised again 17 October 2004 removing presidential term limits	15 March 1994; revised by national referendum of 24 November 1996 giving the presidency greatly expanded powers and became effective 27 November 1996; revised again 17 October 2004 removing presidential term limits
Belgium	7 February 1831, last revised 14 July 1993; parliament approved a constitutional package creating a federal state	7 February 1831; amended many times; revised 14 July 1993 to create a federal state
Bermuda	8 June 1968, amended 1989 and 2003	8 June 1968; amended 1989 and 2003
Bhutan	no written constitution or bill of rights; note - in 2001 the King commissioned the drafting of a constitution, and in November 2004 presented a draft to the Council of Ministers	no written constitution or bill of rights; note - in 2001, the king commissioned the drafting of a constitution, and in March 2005 publicly unveiled it; is awaiting national referendum
British Virgin Islands	1 June 1977	1 June 1977, amended in 2000
Burkina Faso	2 June 1991 approved by referendum; 11 June 1991 formally adopted; ammended April 2000	2 June 1991 approved by referendum, 11 June 1991 formally adopted; amended April 2000
Burma	3 January 1974 (suspended since 18 September 1988); national convention convened in 1993 to draft a new constitution but collapsed in 1996; reconvened in 2004 but does not include participation of democratic opposition	3 January 1974; suspended since 18 September 1988; national convention convened in 1993 to draft a new constitution but collapsed in 1996; reconvened in 2004 but does not include participation of democratic opposition
Burundi	13 March 1992; provided for establishment of a plural political system; supplanted on 20 October 2004 by a provisional constitution approved by the parliament, which extended the transition, set ethnic quotas for government positions, and tentatively scheduled elections for February-April 2005	28 February 2005; ratified by popular referendum
Cameroon	20 May 1972 approved by referendum; 2 June 1972 formally adopted; revised January 1996	20 May 1972 approved by referendum, 2 June 1972 formally adopted; revised January 1996
Canada	17 April 1982 (Constitution Act); originally, the machinery of the government was set up in the British North America Act of 1867; charter of rights and unwritten customs	made up of unwritten and written acts, customs, judicial decisions, and traditions; the written part of the constitution consists of the Constitution Act of 29 March 1867, which created a federation of four provinces, and the Constitution Act of 17 April 1982, which transferred formal control over the constitution from Britain to Canada, and added a Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms as well as procedures for constitutional amendments
Cape Verde	new constitution came into force 25 September 1992; underwent a major revision on 23 November 1995, substantially increasing the powers of the president, and a further revision in 1999, to create the position of national ombudsman (Provedor de Justica)	new constitution came into force 25 September 1992; underwent a major revision on 23 November 1995, substantially increasing the powers of the president; a 1999 revision created the position of national ombudsman (Provedor de Justica)
Cayman Islands	1959, revised 1972 and 1992	1959; revised 1962, 1972, and 1994
Central African Republic	passed by referendum 5 December 2004	ratified by popular referendum 5 December 2004; effective 27 December 2004
Chad	passed by referendum 31 March 1996	passed by referendum 31 March 1996; a June 2005 referendum removed constitutional term limits
Chile	11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981, amended 30 July 1989, 1993, and 1997	11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981; amended 1989, 1991, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2003, and 2005
Christmas Island	NA	Christmas Island Act of 1958-59 (1 October 1958) as amended by the Territories Law Reform Act of 1992
Cocos (Keeling) Islands	Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act of 1955	Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act of 1955 (23 November 1955) as amended by the Territories Law Reform Act of 1992
Comoros	23 December 2001 note: a Transitional National Unity Government (GUNT) was formed on 20 January 2002 following the passing of the new constitution; the GUNT governed until the presidential elections on 14 April 2002	23 December 2001
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	a new constitution was adopted 17 July 2003	18 February 2006
Congo, Republic of the	constitution approved by referendum 20 January 2002	approved by referendum 20 January 2002
Cote d'Ivoire	a new constitution was adopted 4 August 2000	new constitution adopted 4 August 2000
Cuba	24 February 1976, amended July 1992 and June 2002	24 February 1976; amended July 1992 and June 2002
Cyprus	16 August 1960; from December 1963, the Turkish Cypriots no longer participated in the government; negotiations to create the basis for a new or revised constitution to govern the island and to better relations between Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been held intermittently since the mid-1960s; in 1975, following the 1974 Turkish intervention, Turkish Cypriots created their own constitution and governing bodies within the "Turkish Federated State of Cyprus," which became the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" when the Turkish Cypriots declared their independence in 1983; a new constitution for the "TRNC" passed by referendum on 5 May 1985	16 August 1960; from December 1963, the Turkish Cypriots no longer participated in the government; negotiations to create the basis for a new or revised constitution to govern the island and for better relations between Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been held intermittently since the mid-1960s; in 1975, following the 1974 Turkish intervention, Turkish Cypriots created their own constitution and governing bodies within the "Turkish Federated State of Cyprus," which became the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" when the Turkish Cypriots declared their independence in 1983; a new constitution for the "TRNC" passed by referendum on 5 May 1985
Czech Republic	ratified 16 December 1992; effective 1 January 1993	ratified 16 December 1992, effective 1 January 1993
Dhekelia	-	Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Order in Council 1960, effective 16 August 1960
Dominican Republic	28 November 1966, amended 25 July 2002	28 November 1966; amended 25 July 2002
Egypt	11 September 1971	11 September 1971; amended 22 May 1980 and 25 May 2005
Eritrea	the transitional constitution, decreed on 19 May 1993, was replaced by a new constitution adopted on 23 May 1997, but not yet implemented	a transitional constitution, decreed on 19 May 1993, was replaced by a new constitution adopted on 23 May 1997, but not yet implemented
Ethiopia	ratified December 1994; effective 22 August 1995	ratified December 1994, effective 22 August 1995
European Union	based on a series of treaties: the Treaty of Paris, which set up the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951; the Treaties of Rome, which set up the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) in 1957; the Single European Act in 1986; the Treaty on European Union (Maastrict) in 1992; the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1997; and the Treaty of Nice in 2001; note - a new draft Constitutional Treaty, signed on 29 October 2004 in Rome, gives member states two years for ratification either by parliamentary vote or national referendum before it is scheduled to take effect on 1 November 2006	based on a series of treaties: the Treaty of Paris, which set up the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951; the Treaties of Rome, which set up the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) in 1957; the Single European Act in 1986; the Treaty on European Union (Maastricht) in 1992; the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1997; and the Treaty of Nice in 2001; note - a new draft Constitutional Treaty, signed on 29 October 2004 in Rome, gave member states two years for ratification either by parliamentary vote or national referendum before it was scheduled to take effect on 1 November 2006; defeat in French and Dutch referenda in May-June 2005 caused a suspension of the ratification process
Fiji	promulgated on 25 July 1990 and amended on 25 July 1997 to allow nonethnic Fijians greater say in government and to make multiparty government mandatory; entered into force 28 July 1998; note - the May 1999 election was the first test of the amended constitution and introduced open voting - not racially prescribed - for the first time at the national level	enacted on 25 July 1997 to encourage multiculturalism and make multiparty government mandatory; effective 28 July 1998
France	28 September 1958, amended concerning election of president in 1962, amended to comply with provisions of 1992 EC Maastricht Treaty, 1996 Amsterdam Treaty, 2000 Treaty of Nice; amended to tighten immigration laws in 1993; amended in 2000 to change the seven-year presidential term to a five-year term	adopted by referendum 28 September 1958, effective 4 October 1958; amended concerning election of president in 1962; amended to comply with provisions of 1992 EC Maastricht Treaty, 1996 Amsterdam Treaty, 2000 Treaty of Nice; amended to tighten immigration laws in 1993; amended in 2000 to change the seven-year presidential term to a five-year term
French Guiana	28 September 1958 (French Constitution)	4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
French Polynesia	28 September 1958 (French Constitution)	4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Georgia	adopted 17 October 1995	adopted 24 August 1995
Guadeloupe	28 September 1958 (French Constitution)	4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Guam	Organic Act of 1 August 1950	Organic Act of Guam, 1 August 1950
Guatemala	31 May 1985, effective 14 January 1986; note - suspended 25 May 1993 by former President SERRANO; reinstated 5 June 1993 following ouster of president; amended November 1993	31 May 1985, effective 14 January 1986; note - suspended 25 May 1993 by former President Jorge SERRANO; reinstated 5 June 1993 following ouster of president; amended November 1993
Guinea-Bissau	16 May 1984, amended 4 May 1991, 4 December 1991, 26 February 1993, 9 June 1993, and 1996	16 May 1984; amended 4 May 1991, 4 December 1991, 26 February 1993, 9 June 1993, NA 1996
Haiti	approved March 1987; suspended June 1988 with most articles reinstated March 1989; in October 1991 government claimed to be observing the constitution; returned to constitutional rule in October 1994	approved March 1987; suspended June 1988 with most articles reinstated March 1989; constitutional government ousted in a military coup in September 1991, although in October 1991, military government claimed to be observing the constitution; returned to constitutional rule in October 1994; constitution remains technically in force but has not been observed since Aristide's departure in 2004
Holy See (Vatican City)	new Fundamental Law promulgated by Pope John Paul II on 26 November 2000, effective 22 February 2001 (replaces the first Fundamental Law of 1929)	new Fundamental Law promulgated by Pope JOHN PAUL II on 26 November 2000, effective 22 February 2001 (replaces the first Fundamental Law of 1929)
Hong Kong	Basic Law approved in March 1990 by China's National People's Congress is Hong Kong's "mini-constitution"	Basic Law, approved in March 1990 by China's National People's Congress, is Hong Kong's "mini-constitution"
Hungary	18 August 1949, effective 20 August 1949, revised 19 April 1972; 18 October 1989 revision ensured legal rights for individuals and constitutional checks on the authority of the prime minister and also established the principle of parliamentary oversight; 1997 amendment streamlined the judicial system	18 August 1949, effective 20 August 1949; revised 19 April 1972; 18 October 1989 revision ensured legal rights for individuals and constitutional checks on the authority of the prime minister and also established the principle of parliamentary oversight; 1997 amendment streamlined the judicial system
Iceland	16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944	16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944; amended many times
India	26 January 1950	26 January 1950; amended many times
Indonesia	August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959	August 1945; abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959; series of amemdments concluded in 2002
Iraq	interim constitution signed 8 March 2004; note - the Transitional Administrative Law (TAL) was enacted 8 March 2004 to govern the country until an elected Iraqi Transitional Government can draft and ratify a new constitution in 2005	ratified on 15 October 2005
Ireland	29 December 1937; adopted 1 July 1937 by plebiscite	adopted 1 July 1937 by plebiscite; effective 29 December 1937
Isle of Man	unwritten; note - The Isle of Man Constitution Act, 1961, does not embody the unwritten Manx Constitution	unwritten; note - The Isle of Man Constitution Act of 1961 does not embody the unwritten Manx Constitution
Italy	passed 11 December 1947; effective 1 January 1948; amended many times	passed 11 December 1947, effective 1 January 1948; amended many times
Jordan	8 January 1952	1 January 1952; amended 1954, 1955, 1958, 1960, 1965, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1984
Kazakhstan	adopted by national referendum 30 August 1995; first post-independence constitution was adopted 28 January 1993	first post-independence constitution adopted 28 January 1993; new constitution adopted by national referendum 30 August 1995
Kenya	12 December 1963, amended as a republic 1964; reissued with amendments 1979, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1991, 1992, 1997, and 2001	12 December 1963; amended as a republic 1964; reissued with amendments 1979, 1982, 1986, 1988, 1991, 1992, 1997, 2001
Korea, North	adopted 1948, completely revised 27 December 1972, revised again in April 1992 and September 1998	adopted 1948; completely revised 27 December 1972, revised again in April 1992, and September 1998
Kyrgyzstan	adopted 5 May 1993; note - amendment proposed by President AKAYEV and passed in a national referendum on 2 February 2003 significantly expands the powers of the president at the expense of the legislature	adopted 5 May 1993; note - amendment proposed by President Askar AKAYEV and passed in a national referendum on 2 February 2003 significantly expands the powers of the president at the expense of the legislature; following the spring 2005 demonstrations, a new Constitutional Council was appointed and the reform process is ongoing
Lebanon	23 May 1926, amended a number of times, most recently Charter of Lebanese National Reconciliation (Ta'if Accord) of October 1989	23 May 1926; amended a number of times, most recently Charter of Lebanese National Reconciliation (Ta'if Accord) of October 1989
Libya	11 December 1969, amended 2 March 1977	11 December 1969; amended 2 March 1977
Luxembourg	17 October 1868, occasional revisions	17 October 1868; occasional revisions
Macedonia	adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991 note: in November of 2001, the Macedonian Assembly approved a series of new constitutional amendments strengthening minority rights	adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991; amended November 2001 by a series of new constitutional amendments strengthening minority rights and in 2005 with amendments related to the judiciary
Malaysia	31 August 1957, amended 16 September 1963	31 August 1957; amended 16 September 1963
Maldives	adopted January 1998	adopted 1 January 1998
Malta	1964 constitution substantially amended on 13 December 1974 and again in 1987	1964 constitution; amended many times
Martinique	28 September 1958 (French Constitution)	4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Mayotte	28 September 1958 (French Constitution)	4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Moldova	new constitution adopted 28 July 1994; replaces old Soviet constitution of 1979	new constitution adopted 29 July 1994, effective 27 August 1994; replaced old Soviet constitution of 1979
Montenegro	-	12 October 1992 (was approved by the Assembly)
Montserrat	present constitution came into force 19 December 1989	effective 19 December 1989
Morocco	10 March 1972, revised 4 September 1992, amended (to create bicameral legislature) September 1996	10 March 1972; revised 4 September 1992, amended (to create bicameral legislature) September 1996
Namibia	ratified 9 February 1990; effective 12 March 1990	ratified 9 February 1990, effective 12 March 1990
Nauru	29 January 1968	29 January 1968; amended 17 May 1968 (Constitution Day)
Netherlands	adopted 1815; amended many times, last time 2002	adopted 1815; amended many times, most recently in 2002
New Caledonia	28 September 1958 (French Constitution)	4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
New Zealand	consists of a series of legal documents, including certain acts of the UK and New Zealand Parliaments and The Constitution Act 1986 which is the principal formal charter	consists of a series of legal documents, including certain acts of the UK and New Zealand Parliaments, as well as The Constitution Act 1986, which is the principal formal charter; adopted 1 January 1987, effective 1 January 1987
Nicaragua	9 January 1987, with reforms in 1995 and 2000	9 January 1987; reforms in 1995 and 2000
Niger	a new constitution was adopted 18 July 1999	new constitution adopted 18 July 1999
Northern Mariana Islands	Covenant Agreement effective 4 November 1986 and the Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands effective 1 January 1978	Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands effective 1 January 1978; Covenant Agreement fully effective 4 November 1986
Norway	17 May 1814, modified in 1884	17 May 1814; amended many times
Pakistan	10 April 1973, suspended 5 July 1977, restored with amendments 30 December 1985; suspended 15 October 1999, restored 31 December 2002	12 April 1973; suspended 5 July 1977, restored with amendments 30 December 1985; suspended 15 October 1999, restored in stages in 2002; amended 31 December 2003
Pitcairn Islands	1838; reformed 1904 with additional reforms in 1940; further refined by the Local Government Ordinance of 1964	30 November 1838; reformed 1904 with additional reforms in 1940; further refined by the Local Government Ordinance of 1964
Poland	adopted by the National Assembly 2 April 1997; passed by national referendum 25 May 1997; effective 17 October 1997	adopted by the National Assembly 2 April 1997, passed by national referendum 25 May 1997, effective 17 October 1997
Portugal	25 April 1976; revised 30 October 1982, 1 June 1989, 5 November 1992, 3 September 1997, 12 December 2001, and 24 July 2004	25 April 1976; revised many times
Puerto Rico	ratified 3 March 1952; approved by US Congress 3 July 1952; effective 25 July 1952	ratified 3 March 1952, approved by US Congress 3 July 1952, effective 25 July 1952
Qatar	provisional constitution enacted 19 April 1972; in July 1999 Amir HAMAD issued a decree forming a committee to draft a permanent constitution; in the 29 April 2003 referendum, 96.6% of Qatari voters approved the new constitution; on 8 June 2004 the new constitution came into force	ratified by public referendum on 29 April 2003, endorsed by the amir on 8 June 2004, effective on 9 June 2005
Reunion	28 September 1958 (French Constitution)	4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Romania	8 December 1991; revision came into force 29 October 2003	8 December 1991; revision effective 29 October 2003
Rwanda	a new constitution was adopted 26 May 2003	new constitution adopted 4 June 2003
Saint Pierre and Miquelon	28 September 1958 (French Constitution)	4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Sao Tome and Principe	approved March 1990; effective 10 September 1990	approved March 1990, effective 10 September 1990
Saudi Arabia	governed according to Shari'a (Islamic law); the Basic Law that articulates the government's rights and responsibilities was introduced in 1993	governed according to Shari'a law; the Basic Law that articulates the government's rights and responsibilities was introduced in 1993
Senegal	a new constitution was adopted 7 January 2001	new constitution adopted 7 January 2001
Serbia	-	28 September 1990; note - a new draft constitution approved by Parliament on 30 September 2006 stresses that Kosovo is an integral part of Serbia; the draft must still be approved by a national referendum
Serbia and Montenegro	4 February 2003	-
Singapore	3 June 1959, amended 1965 (based on preindependence State of Singapore Constitution)	3 June 1959; amended 1965 (based on preindependence State of Singapore Constitution)
Slovakia	ratified 1 September 1992, fully effective 1 January 1993; changed in September 1998 to allow direct election of the president; amended February 2001 to allow Slovakia to apply for NATO and EU membership	ratified 1 September 1992, effective 1 January 1993; changed in September 1998 to allow direct election of the president; amended February 2001 to allow Slovakia to apply for NATO and EU membership
Slovenia	adopted 23 December 1991, effective 23 December 1991	adopted 23 December 1991
Somalia	25 August 1979, presidential approval 23 September 1979 note: the Transitional National Government formed in August 2000 had a three-year mandate to create a new constitution and hold elections, this goal was not achieved but the process is ongoing	25 August 1979, presidential approval 23 September 1979 note: the formation of transitional governing institutions, known as the Transitional Federal Government, is currently ongoing
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands	adopted 3 October 1985	-
Sri Lanka	adopted 16 August 1978	adopted 16 August 1978, certified 31 August 1978
Sudan	12 April 1973, suspended following coup of 6 April 1985; interim constitution of 10 October 1985 suspended following coup of 30 June 1989; new constitution implemented on 30 June 1998 partially suspended 12 December 1999 by President BASHIR	12 April 1973; suspended following coup of 6 April 1985; interim constitution of 10 October 1985 suspended following coup of 30 June 1989; new constitution implemented on 30 June 1998 partially suspended 12 December 1999 by President BASHIR; under the CPA, Interim National Constitution ratified 5 July 2005; Constitution of Southern Sudan signed December 2005
Swaziland	a constitution was adopted 14 November 2003	the first constitution was signed into law in July 2005 and is scheduled to be implemented in January 2006
Switzerland	revision of Constitution of 1874 approved by the Federal Parliament 18 December 1998; adopted by referendum 18 April 1999; officially entered into force 1 January 2000	revision of Constitution of 1874 approved by the Federal Parliament 18 December 1998, adopted by referendum 18 April 1999, officially entered into force 1 January 2000
Taiwan	25 December 1946, amended in 1992, 1994, 1997, 1999, and 2000	25 December 1946; amended in 1992, 1994, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2005
Thailand	new constitution signed by King PHUMIPHON on 11 October 1997	constitution signed by King PHUMIPHON on 11 October 1997; abrogated on 19 September 2006 after coup; interim constitution promulgated on 1 October 2006; junta has promised new constitution by October 2007
Togo	multiparty draft constitution approved by High Council of the Republic 1 July 1992; adopted by public referendum 27 September 1992	multiparty draft constitution approved by High Council of the Republic 1 July 1992, adopted by public referendum 27 September 1992
Tokelau	administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948, as amended in 1970	administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948; amended in 1970
Tonga	4 November 1875, revised 1 January 1967	4 November 1875; revised 1 January 1967
Tunisia	1 June 1959; amended 12 July 1988	1 June 1959; amended 1988, 2002
Turks and Caicos Islands	introduced 30 August 1976; suspended in 1986; restored and revised 5 March 1988	Turks and Caicos Islands Constitution Order 2006 (effective 9 August 2006)
Uganda	8 October 1995; adopted by the interim, 284-member Constituent Assembly, charged with debating the draft constitution that had been proposed in May 1993; the Constituent Assembly was dissolved upon the promulgation of the constitution in October 1995	8 October 1995; in 2005 the constitution was amended removing presidential term limits and legalizing a multiparty political system
United Arab Emirates	2 December 1971 (made permanent in 1996)	2 December 1971; made permanent in 1996
Uruguay	27 November 1966, effective February 1967, suspended 27 June 1973, new constitution rejected by referendum 30 November 1980; two constitutional reforms approved by plebiscite 26 November 1989 and 7 January 1997	27 November 1966, effective February 1967; suspended 27 June 1973, new constitution rejected by referendum 30 November 1980; two constitutional reforms approved by plebiscite 26 November 1989 and 7 January 1997
Wallis and Futuna	28 September 1958 (French Constitution)	4 October 1958 (French Constitution)
Zambia	24 August 1991	24 August 1991; amended in 1996 to establish presidential term limits