Rosja (2006)
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Rosja 2006 roku
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Rosja 2006 roku
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| Podzial administracyjny | 48 oblasts (oblastey, singular - oblast), 21 republics (respublik, singular - respublika), 9 autonomous okrugs (avtonomnykh okrugov, singular - avtonomnyy okrug), 7 krays (krayev, singular - kray), 2 federal cities (singular - gorod), and 1 autonomous oblast (avtonomnaya oblast')
oblasts: Amur (Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangel'sk, Astrakhan', Belgorod, Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Chita, Irkutsk, Ivanovo, Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Kemerovo, Kirov, Kostroma, Kurgan, Kursk, Leningrad, Lipetsk, Magadan, Moscow, Murmansk, Nizhniy Novgorod, Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Orenburg, Orel, Penza, Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan', Sakhalin (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara, Saratov, Smolensk, Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, Tver', Tyumen', Ul'yanovsk, Vladimir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh, Yaroslavl' republics: Adygeya (Maykop), Altay (Gorno-Altaysk), Bashkortostan (Ufa), Buryatiya (Ulan-Ude), Chechnya (Groznyy), Chuvashiya (Cheboksary), Dagestan (Makhachkala), Ingushetiya (Magas), Kabardino-Balkariya (Nal'chik), Kalmykiya (Elista), Karachayevo-Cherkesiya (Cherkessk), Kareliya (Petrozavodsk), Khakasiya (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mariy-El (Yoshkar-Ola), Mordoviya (Saransk), North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz), Sakha [Yakutiya] (Yakutsk), Tatarstan (Kazan'), Tyva (Kyzyl), Udmurtiya (Izhevsk) autonomous okrugs: Aga Buryat (Aginskoye), Chukotka (Anadyr'), Evenk (Tura), Khanty-Mansi, Koryak (Palana), Nenets (Nar'yan-Mar), Taymyr [Dolgano-Nenets] (Dudinka), Ust'-Orda Buryat (Ust'-Ordynskiy), Yamalo-Nenets (Salekhard) krays: Altay (Barnaul), Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Permskiy, Primorskiy (Vladivostok), Stavropol' federal cities: Moscow (Moskva), Saint Petersburg (Sankt-Peterburg) autonomous oblast: Yevrey [Jewish] (Birobidzhan) note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following w parentheses) |
| Struktura wiekowa | 0-14 years: 14.2% (male 10,441,151/female 9,921,102)
15-64 years: 71.3% (male 49,271,698/female 52,679,463) 65 years and over: 14.4% (male 6,500,814/female 14,079,312) (2006 est.) |
| Rolinictwo | grain, sugar beets, sunflower seed, vegetables, fruits; beef, milk |
| Lotniska | 1,623 (2006) |
| Lotniska z utwardzonymi pasami | total: 616
over 3,047 m: 51 2,438 to 3,047 m: 198 1,524 to 2,437 m: 130 914 to 1,523 m: 100 under 914 m: 137 (2006) |
| Lotniska z nieutwardzonymi pasami | total: 1,007
over 3,047 m: 9 2,438 to 3,047 m: 16 1,524 to 2,437 m: 75 914 to 1,523 m: 127 under 914 m: 780 (2006) |
| Terytorium | total: 17,075,200 sq km
land: 16,995,800 sq km water: 79,400 sq km |
| Terytorium - porownanie wielkosci | approximately 1.8 times the size of the US |
| Tlo historyczne | Founded w the 12th century, the Principality of Muscovy, was able to emerge from over 200 years of Mongol domination (13th-15th centuries) and to gradually conquer and absorb surrounding principalities. In the early 17th century, a new Romanov Dynasty continued this policy of expansion across Siberia to the Pacific. Under PETER I (ruled 1682-1725), hegemony was extended to the Baltic Sea and the country was renamed the Rosjan Empire. During the 19th century, more territorial acquisitions were made w Europe and Asia. Repeated devastating defeats of the Rosjan army w Swiat War I led to widespread rioting w the major cities of the Rosjan Empire and to the overthrow w 1917 of the imperial household. The Communists under Vladimir LENIN seized power soon after and formed the USSR. The brutal rule of Iosif STALIN (1928-53) strengthened communist rule and Rosjan dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. The Soviet economy and society stagnated w the following decades until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) w an attempt to modernize Communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by grudzien 1991 splintered the USSR into Rosja and 14 other independent republics. Since then, Rosja has struggled w its efforts to build a democratic political system and market economy to replace the strict social, political, and economic controls of the Communist period. While some progress has been made on the economic front, recent years have seen a recentralization of power under Vladimir PUTIN and the erosion of nascent democratic institutions. A determined guerrilla conflict still plagues Rosja w Chechnya and threatens to destabilize the North Caucasus region. |
| Wspolczynnik narodzin | 9.95 births/1,000 population (2006 est.) |
| Budzet | revenues: $176.7 billion
expenditures: $125.6 billion; including capital expenditures of $NA (2005 est.) |
| Stolica | name: Moscow
geographic coordinates: 55 45 N, 37 35 E time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday w marzec; ends last Sunday w pazdziernik note: Rosja is divided into eleven time zones |
| Klimat | ranges from steppes w the south through humid continental w much of European Rosja; subarctic w Siberia to tundra climate w the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid w Siberia; summers vary from warm w the steppes to cool along Arctic coast |
| Linia brzegowa | 37,653 km |
| Konstytucja | adopted 12 grudzien 1993 |
| Nazwa panstwa | conventional long form: Rosjan Federation
conventional short form: Rosja local long form: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya local short form: Rossiya former: Rosjan Empire, Rosjan Soviet Federative Socialist Republic |
| Wspolczynnik zgonow | 14.65 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.) |
| Zadluzenie - zewnetrzne | $215.3 billion (2005 est.) |
| Reprezentacja dyplomatyczna ze strony USA | chief of mission: Ambassador William J. BURNS
embassy: Bolshoy Deviatinskiy Pereulok No. 8, 121099 Moscow mailing address: PSC-77, APO AE 09721 telephone: [7] (495) 728-5000 FAX: [7] (495) 728-5090 consulate(s) general: Saint Petersburg, Vladivostok, Yekaterinburg |
| Reprezentacja dyplomatyczna w USA | chief of mission: Ambassador Yuriy Viktorovich USHAKOV
chancery: 2650 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: [1] (202) 298-5700, 5701, 5704, 5708 FAX: [1] (202) 298-5735 consulate(s) general: Houston, New York, San Francisco, Seattle |
| Miedzynarodowe dyskusje | in 2005, Chiny and Rosja ratified the treaty to divide up the islands w the Amur, Ussuri, and Argun Rivers, representing the final portion of their centuries-long border disputes; the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known w Japonia as the "Northern Territories" and w Rosja as the "Southern Kurils," occupied by the Soviet Union w 1945, now administered by Rosja, and claimed by Japonia, remains the primary sticking point to signing a peace treaty formally ending Swiat War II hostilities; Rosja and Georgia agree on delimiting all but small, strategic segments of the land boundary and the maritime boundary; OSCE observers monitor volatile areas such as the Pankisi Gorge w the Akhmeti region and the Kodori Gorge w Abkhazia; Azerbejdzan, Kazachstan, and Rosja signed equidistance boundaries w the Caspian seabed but the littoral states have no consensus on dividing the water column; Rosja and Norwegia dispute their maritime limits w the Barents Sea and Rosja's fishing rights beyond Svalbard's territorial limits within the Svalbard Treaty zone; various groups w Finlandia advocate restoration of Karelia (Kareliya) and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union following the Second Swiat War but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands; w maj 2005, Rosja recalled its signatures to the 1996 border agreements z Estonia (1996) and Lotwa (1997), when the two Baltic states announced issuance of unilateral declarations referencing Soviet occupation and ensuing territorial losses; Rosja demands better treatment of ethnic Rosjans w Estonia and Lotwa; Estonian citizen groups continue to press dla realignment of the boundary based on the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty that would bring the now divided ethnic Setu people and parts of the Narva region within Estonia; Litwa and Rosja committed to demarcating their boundary w 2006 w accordance z the land and maritime treaty ratified by Rosja w maj 2003 and by Litwa w 1999; Litwa operates a simplified transit regime dla Rosjan nationals traveling from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Rosja, while still conforming, as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, to strict Schengen border rules; delimitation of land boundary z Ukraina is complete, but states have renewed discussions on demarcation; the dispute over the maritime boundary between Rosja and Ukraina through the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov remains unresolved despite a grudzien 2003 framework agreement and on-going expert-level discussions; discussions toward economic and political union z Bialorus advance slowly; Kazachstan and Rosja boundary delimitation ratified listopad 2005 and demarcation is underway; Rosjan Duma has not yet ratified 1990 Maritime Boundary Agreement z the US w the Bering Sea |
| Ekonomiczna pomoc - pobieranie | in FY01 from US, $979 million (including $750 million w non-proliferation subsidies); w 2001 from EU, $200 million (2000 est.) |
| Ekonomia | Rosja ended 2005 z its seventh straight year of growth, averaging 6.4% annually since the financial crisis of 1998. Although high oil prices and a relatively cheap ruble are important drivers of this economic rebound, since 2000 investment and consumer-driven demand have played a noticeably increasing role. Real fixed capital investments have averaged gains greater than 10% over the last five years, and real personal incomes have realized average increases over 12%. During this time, poverty has declined steadily and the middle class has continued to expand. Rosja has also improved its international financial position since the 1998 financial crisis, z its foreign debt declining from 90% of Produkt krajowy brutto to around 31%. Strong oil export earnings have allowed Rosja to increase its foreign reserves from only $12 billion to some $180 billion at yearend 2005. These achievements, along z a renewed government effort to advance structural reforms, have raised business and investor confidence w Rosja's economic prospects. Nevertheless, serious problems persist. Economic growth slowed to 5.9% dla 2005 while inflation remains high. Oil, natural gas, metals, and timber account dla more than 80% of exports, leaving the country vulnerable to swings w world prices. Rosja's manufacturing base is dilapidated and must be replaced or modernized if the country is to achieve broad-based economic growth. Other problems include a weak banking system, a poor business climate that discourages both domestic and foreign investors, corruption, and widespread lack of trust w institutions. In addition, a string of investigations launched against a major Rosjan oil company, culminating z the arrest of its CEO w the fall of 2003 and the acquisition of the company by a state owned firm, have raised concerns by some observers that President PUTIN is granting more influence to forces within his government that desire to reassert state control over the economy. State control has increased w the past year z a number of large acquisitions. Most fundamentally, Rosja has made little progress w building the rule of law, the bedrock of a modern market economy. |
| Elektrycznosc - konsumpcja | 811.5 billion kWh (2004) |
| Elektrycznosc - eksport | 24 billion kWh (2003) |
| Elektrycznosc - import | 14 billion kWh (2002) |
| Elektrycznosc - produkcja | 931 billion kWh (2004) |
| Skrajne punkty wysokosci | lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m
highest point: Gora El'brus 5,633 m |
| Srodowisko - obecne problemy | air pollution from heavy industry, emissions of coal-fired electric plants, and transportation w major cities; industrial, municipal, and agricultural pollution of inland waterways and seacoasts; deforestation; soil erosion; soil contamination from improper application of agricultural chemicals; scattered areas of sometimes intense radioactive contamination; groundwater contamination from toxic waste; urban solid waste management; abandoned stocks of obsolete pesticides |
| Srodowisko - miedzynarodowe umowy | party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Klimat Change, Klimat Change-Kyoto Protocol, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Sulfur 94 |
| Grupy etniczne | Rosjan 79.8%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 2%, Bashkir 1.2%, Chuvash 1.1%, other or unspecified 12.1% (2002 census) |
| Kurs waluty | Rosjan rubles per US dollar - 28.284 (2005), 28.814 (2004), 30.692 (2003), 31.349 (2002), 29.169 (2001) |
| Wladza wykonawcza | chief of state: President Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN (acting president 31 grudzien 1999-6 maj 2000, president since 7 maj 2000)
head of government: Premier Mikhail Yefimovich FRADKOV (since 5 marzec 2004); First Deputy Premier Dmitriy Anatolyevich MEDVEDEV (since 14 listopad 2005), Deputy Premiers Aleksandr Dmitriyevich ZHUKOV (since 9 marzec 2004) and Sergey Borisovich IVANOV (since 14 listopad 2005) cabinet: Ministries of the Government or "Government" composed of the premier and his deputies, ministers, and selected other individuals; all are appointed by the president note: there is also a Presidential Administration (PA) that provides staff and policy support to the president, drafts presidential decrees, and coordinates policy among government agencies; a Security Council also reports directly to the president elections: president elected by popular vote dla a four-year term (eligible dla a second term); election last held 14 marzec 2004 (next to be held marzec 2008); note - no vice president; if the president dies w office, cannot exercise his powers because of ill health, is impeached, or resigns, the premier serves as acting president until a new presidential election is held, which must be within three months; premier appointed by the president z the approval of the Duma election results: Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN reelected president; percent of vote - Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN 71.2%, Nikolay KHARITONOV 13.7%, other (no candidate above 5%) 15.1% |
| Eksport | 24 billion kWh (2003) |
| Eksport | $245 billion (2005 est.) |
| Eksport | 157.2 billion cu m (2004 est.) |
| Eksport | 5.15 million bbl/day (2004) |
| Eksport - towary | petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas, wood and wood products, metals, chemicals, and a wide variety of civilian and military manufactures |
| Eksport - partnerzy | Holandia 10.3%, Niemcy 8.3%, Wlochy 7.9%, Chiny 5.5%, Ukraina 5.2%, Turcja 4.5%, Szwajcaria 4.4% (2005) |
| Rok podatkowy | rok kalendarzowy |
| Opis flagi | three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red |
| Produkt krajowy brutto - podzial wg galezi przemyslu | agriculture: 5.4%
industry: 37.1% services: 57.5% (2005 est.) |
| Produkt krajowy brutto - realny wspolczynnik wzrostu | 6.4% (2005 est.) |
| Koordynaty geograficzne | 60 00 N, 100 00 E |
| Polozenie geograficzne | largest country w the world w terms of area but unfavorably located w relation to major sea lanes of the world; despite its size, much of the country lacks proper soils and climates (either too cold or too dry) dla agriculture; Mount El'brus is Europe's tallest peak |
| Ladowiska helikopterow | 52 (2006) |
| Domowy dochód albo konsumpcja wg podzialu procentowego | lowest 10%: 1.7%
highest 10%: 38.7% (1998) |
| Narkotyki | limited cultivation of illicit cannabis and opium poppy and producer of methamphetamine, mostly dla domestic consumption; government has active illicit crop eradication program; used as transshipment point dla Asian opiates, cannabis, and Latin American cocaine bound dla growing domestic markets, to a lesser extent Western and Central Europe, and occasionally to the US; major source of heroin precursor chemicals; corruption and organized crime are key concerns; heroin increasingly popular w domestic market |
| Import | 14 billion kWh (2002) |
| Import | $125 billion (2005 est.) |
| Import | 12 billion cu m (2004 est.) |
| Import | 75,000 bbl/day |
| Import - towary | machinery and equipment, consumer goods, medicines, meat, sugar, semifinished metal products |
| Import - partnerzy | Niemcy 13.6%, Ukraina 8%, Chiny 7.4%, Japonia 6%, Bialorus 4.7%, US 4.7%, Wlochy 4.6%, South Korea 4.1% (2005) |
| Niepodleglosc | 24 sierpien 1991 (from Soviet Union) |
| Wspolczynnik wzrostu produkcji w przemysle | 4% (2005 est.) |
| Przemysl | complete range of mining and extractive industries producing coal, oil, gas, chemicals, and metals; all forms of machine building from rolling mills to high-performance aircraft and space vehicles; defense industries including radar, missile production, and advanced electronic components, shipbuilding; road and rail transportation equipment; communications equipment; agricultural machinery, tractors, and construction equipment; electric power generating and transmitting equipment; medical and scientific instruments; consumer durables, textiles, foodstuffs, handicrafts |
| Wspolczynnik umieralnosci noworodkow | total: 15.13 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 17.43 deaths/1,000 live births female: 12.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.) |
| Inflacja | 12.7% (2005 est.) |
| Czlonek miedzynarodowych organizacji | APEC, Arctic Council, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, BSEC, CBSS, CE, CERN (observer), CIS, EAPC, EBRD, G- 8, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ISO, ITU, LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUC, NAM (guest), NSG, OAS (observer), OIC (observer), ONUB, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, SCO, UN, UN Security Council, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMEE, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNMOVIC, UNOCI, UNOMIG, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO (observer), ZC |
| Nawadniane tereny | 46,000 sq km (2003) |
| Sadownictwo | Konstytucjaal Court; Supreme Court; Supreme Arbitration Court; judges dla all courts are appointed dla life by the Federation Council on the recommendation of the president |
| Sila robocza | 74.22 million (2005 est.) |
| Sila robocza - wg galezi gospodarki | agriculture: 10.3%
industry: 21.4% services: 68.3% (2004 est.) |
| Granica | total: 20,096.5 km
border countries: Azerbejdzan 284 km, Bialorus 959 km, Chiny (southeast) 3,605 km, Chiny (south) 40 km, Estonia 294 km, Finlandia 1,340 km, Georgia 723 km, Kazachstan 6,846 km, North Korea 19 km, Lotwa 217 km, Litwa (Kaliningrad Oblast) 280.5 km, Mongolia 3,485 km, Norwegia 196 km, Polska (Kaliningrad Oblast) 232 km, Ukraina 1,576 km |
| Zagospodarowanie terenu | arable land: 7.17%
permanent crops: 0.11% other: 92.72% (2005) |
| Jezyki | Rosjan, many minority languages |
| System prawny | based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts |
| Wladza ustawodawcza | bicameral Federal Assembly or Federalnoye Sobraniye consists of the Federation Council or Sovet Federatsii (178 seats; as of lipiec 2000, members appointed by the top executive and legislative officials w each of the 88 federal administrative units - oblasts, krays, republics, autonomous okrugs and oblasts, and the federal cities of Moscow and Saint Petersburg; members serve four-year terms) and the State Duma or Gosudarstvennaya Duma (450 seats; currently elected by proportional representation from party lists winning at least 7% of the vote; members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: State Duma - last held 7 grudzien 2003 (next to be held w grudzien 2007) election results: State Duma - percent of vote received by parties clearing the 5% threshold entitling them to a proportional share of the 225 party list seats - United Rosja 37.1%, CPRF 12.7%, LDPR 11.6%, Motherland 9.1%; seats by party - United Rosja 222, CPRF 53, LDPR 38, Motherland 37, People's Party 19, Yabloko 4, SPS 2, other 7, independents 65, repeat election required 3; composition as of 1 lipiec 2006 - United Rosja 309, CPRF 45, LDPR 35, Motherland 29, People's Party 12, independents 18, vacant 2 |
| Zywotnosc | total population: 67.08 years
male: 60.45 years female: 74.1 years (2006 est.) |
| Pismienni | definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.6% male: 99.7% female: 99.5% (2003 est.) |
| Lokalizacja | Northern Asia (the area west of the Urals is considered part of Europe), bordering the Ocean Arktyczny, between Europe and the North Ocean Spokojny |
| Lokalizacja na mapie | Asia |
| Morskie obszary | territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation |
| Flota handlowa | total: 1,178 ships (1000 GRT or over) 5,080,341 GRT/6,287,784 DWT
by type: barge carrier 1, bulk carrier 46, cargo 743, chemical tanker 25, combination ore/oil 38, container 13, passenger 12, passenger/cargo 7, petroleum tanker 219, refrigerated cargo 54, roll on/roll off 15, specialized tanker 5 foreign-owned: 100 (Belgia 4, Kanada 1, Cypr 2, Estonia 1, Niemcy 2, Grecja 1, Lotwa 2, Malta 4, Norwegia 1, Szwajcaria 7, Turcja 63, Ukraina 11, US 1) registered w other countries: 465 (Antigua i Barbuda 6, Bahamas 6, Belize 36, Bulgaria 1, Kambodza 105, Komory 4, Cypr 53, Dominika 2, Finlandia 1, Georgia 28, North Korea 1, Liberia 77, Malta 70, Wyspy Marshalla 1, Mongolia 13, Panama 7, Saint Kitts i Nevis 5, Saint Vincent i Grenadyny 29, Sierra Leone 1, Tuvalu 2, Ukraina 1, Vanuatu 1, Wenezuela 1, unknown 14) (2006) |
| Wojsko | Ground Forces (SV), Navy (VMF), Air Forces (VVS); Airborne Troops (VDV), Strategic Rocket Troops (RVSN), and Space Troops (KV) are independent "combat arms," not subordinate to any of the three branches |
| Wojska - wydatki (w dolarach) | NA |
| Wojsko - wydatki (procent PKB) | NA |
| Swieto narodowe | Rosja Day, 12 czerwiec (1990) |
| Narodowosc | noun: Rosjan(s)
adjective: Rosjan |
| Naturalne zagrozenia | permafrost over much of Siberia is a major impediment to development; volcanic activity w the Kuril Islands; volcanoes and earthquakes on the Kamchatka Peninsula; spring floods and summer/autumn forest fires throughout Siberia and parts of European Rosja |
| Surowce naturalne | wide natural resource base including major deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, and many strategic minerals, timber
note: formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources |
| Wspolczynnik migracji | 1.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.) |
| Rurociagi | condensate 122 km; gas 156,285 km; oil 72,283 km; refined products 13,658 km (2006) |
| Partie polityczne i przywodcy | A Just Rosja or JR [Sergei MIRONOV] (formed from the merger of three small political parties: Motherland Party (Rodina), Pensioner's Party, and Party of Life); Communist Party of the Rosjan Federation or CPRF [Gennadiy Andreyevich ZYUGANOV]; Liberal Democratic Party of Rosja or LDPR [Vladimir Volfovich ZHIRINOVSKIY]; People's Party [Gennady RAIKOV]; Union of Right Forces or SPS [Nikita BELYKH]; United Rosja or UR [Boris Vyacheslavovich GRYZLOV]; Yabloko Party [Grigoriy Alekseyevich YAVLINSKIY] |
| Przesladowania polityczne ugrupowan oraz liderow | NA |
| Ludnosc | 142,893,540 (lipiec 2006 est.) |
| Ludnosc zyjaca na skraju ubostwa | 17.8% (2004 est.) |
| Przyrost naturalny | -0.37% (2006 est.) |
| Stacje radiowe | AM 323, FM 1,500 est., shortwave 62 (2004) |
| Linie kolejowe | total: 87,157 km
broad gauge: 86,200 km 1.520-m gauge (40,300 km electrified) narrow gauge: 957 km 1.067-m gauge (on Sakhalin Island) note: an additional 30,000 km of non-common carrier lines serve industries (2005) |
| Religie | Rosjan Orthodox 15-20%, Muslim 10-15%, other Christian 2% (2006 est.)
note: estimates are of practicing worshipers; Rosja has large populations of non-practicing believers and non-believers, a legacy of over seven decades of Soviet rule |
| Wspolczynnik plci | at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.46 male(s)/female total population: 0.86 male(s)/female (2006 est.) |
| Prawo wyborcze | 18 years of age; universal |
| System telefoniczny | general assessment: the telephone system underwent significant changes w the 1990s; there are more than 1,000 companies licensed to offer communication services; access to digital lines has improved, particularly w urban centers; Internet and e-mail services are improving; Rosja has made progress toward building the telecommunications infrastructure necessary dla a market economy; however, a large demand dla main line service remains unsatisfied
domestic: cross-country digital trunk lines run from Saint Petersburg to Khabarovsk, and from Moscow to Novorossiysk; the telephone systems w 60 regional capitals have modern digital infrastructures; cellular services, both analog and digital, are available w many areas; w rural areas, the telephone services are still outdated, inadequate, and low density international: country code - 7; Rosja is connected internationally by three undersea fiber-optic cables; digital switches w several cities provide more than 50,000 lines dla international calls; satellite earth stations provide access to Intelsat, Intersputnik, Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Orbita systems |
| Telefony - wykorzystywane linie telefoniczne | 40.1 million (2005) |
| Telefony komorkowe | 120 million (2005) |
| Stacje telewizyjne | 7,306 (1998) |
| Uksztaltowanie terenu | broad plain z low hills west of Urals; vast coniferous forest and tundra w Siberia; uplands and mountains along southern border regions |
| Wspolczynnik nardzin przypadajacy na kobiety | 1.28 children born/woman (2006 est.) |
| Wspolczynnik bezrobocia | 7.6% plus considerable underemployment (2005 est.) |
| Drogi wodne | 102,000 km (including 33,000 km z guaranteed depth)
note: 72,000 km system w European Rosja links Baltic Sea, White Sea, Caspian Sea, Sea of Azov, and Black Sea (2005) |
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