Indie (2004)
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Indie 2004 roku
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Indie 2004 roku
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| Podzial administracyjny | 28 states and 7 union territories*; Andaman and Nicobar Islands*, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chandigarh*, Chhattisgarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli*, Daman and Diu*, Delhi*, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep*, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa, Pondicherry*, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal |
| Struktura wiekowa | 0-14 years: 31.7% (male 173,869,856; female 164,003,915)
15-64 years: 63.5% (male 349,785,804; female 326,289,402) 65 years and over: 4.8% (male 25,885,725; female 25,235,905) (2004 est.) |
| Rolinictwo | rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, potatoes; cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats, poultry; fish |
| Lotniska | 333 (2003 est.) |
| Lotniska z utwardzonymi pasami | total: 234
over 3,047 m: 14 2,438 to 3,047 m: 47 1,524 to 2,437 m: 78 914 to 1,523 m: 74 under 914 m: 21 (2004 est.) |
| Lotniska z nieutwardzonymi pasami | total: 99
2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 9 914 to 1,523 m: 42 under 914 m: 45 (2004 est.) |
| Terytorium | total: 3,287,590 sq km
land: 2,973,190 sq km water: 314,400 sq km |
| Terytorium - porownanie wielkosci | slightly more than one-third the size of the US |
| Tlo historyczne | The Indus Valley civilization, one of the oldest w the world, dates back at least 5,000 years. Aryan tribes from the northwest invaded about 1500 B.C.; their merger z the earlier inhabitants created the classical Indien culture. Arab incursions starting w the 8th century and Turkish w the 12th were followed by European traders, beginning w the late 15th century. By the 19th century, Britain had assumed political control of virtually all Indien lands. Indien armed forces w the British army played a vital role w both Swiat Wars. Nonviolent resistance to British colonialism under Mohandas GANDHI and Jawaharlal NEHRU led to independence w 1947. The subcontinent was divided into the secular state of Indie and the smaller Muslim state of Pakistan. A third war between the two countries w 1971 resulted w East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesz. Fundamental concerns w Indie include the ongoing dispute z Pakistan over Kashmir, massive overpopulation, environmental degradation, extensive poverty, and ethnic and religious strife, all this despite impressive gains w economic investment and output. |
| Wspolczynnik narodzin | 22.8 births/1,000 population (2004 est.) |
| Budzet | revenues: $86.69 billion
expenditures: $114.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $13.5 billion (2003) |
| Stolica | New Delhi |
| Klimat | varies from tropical monsoon w south to temperate w north |
| Linia brzegowa | 7,000 km |
| Konstytucja | 26 styczen 1950 |
| Nazwa panstwa | conventional long form: Republic of Indie
conventional short form: Indie |
| Waluta | Indien rupee (INR) |
| Wspolczynnik zgonow | 8.38 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.) |
| Zadluzenie - zewnetrzne | $101.7 billion (2003 est.) |
| Reprezentacja dyplomatyczna ze strony USA | chief of mission: Ambassador David C. MULFORD
embassy: Shantipath, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi 110021 mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [91] (11) 2419-8000 FAX: [91] (11) 2419-0017 consulate(s) general: Chennai (Madras), Kolkata (Calcutta), Mumbai (Bombay) |
| Reprezentacja dyplomatyczna w USA | chief of mission: Ambassador Ranendra SEN
chancery: 2107 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008; note - Consular Wing located at 2536 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 939-7000 FAX: [1] (202) 265-4351 consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, New York, and San Francisco |
| Miedzynarodowe dyskusje | Kashmir remains the world's most highly militarized territorial dispute z portions under the de facto administration of Chiny (Aksai Chin), Indie (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Terytoriums), but recent discussions and confidence-building measures among parties are beginning to defuse tensions; Indie does not recognize Pakistan's ceding lands to Chiny w the 1965 boundary agreement; disputes z Pakistan over Indus River water sharing and the terminus of the Sir Creek Estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch, which prevents maritime boundary delimitation; Pakistani maps continue to show Junagadh claim w Indien Gujarat State; most of the rugged, militarized boundary z Chiny is w dispute, but sides have committed to begin resolution z discussions on the least disputed Middle Sector; Joint Border Committee z Nepal continues to work on resolution of minor disputed boundary sections; discussions z Bangladesz remain stalled to delimit a small section of river boundary, to exchange 162 miniscule enclaves w both countries, to allocate divided villages, and to stop illegal cross-border trade, migration, and violence; Bangladesz protests Indie's attempts to fence off high-traffic sections of the porous boundary; dispute z Bangladesz over volcanic New Moore/South Talpatty/Purbasha Island w the Bay of Bengal deters maritime boundary delimitation; Indie seeks cooperation from Bhutan and Birma to keep out Indien Nagaland insurgents; joint border commission continues to work on small disputed sections of boundary z Nepal; Indie has instituted a stricter border regime to restrict transit of Maoist insurgents and illegal cross-border activities from Nepal |
| Ekonomiczna pomoc - pobieranie | $2.9 billion (FY98/99) |
| Ekonomia | Indie's economy encompasses traditional village farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range of modern industries, and a multitude of support services. Government controls have been reduced on foreign trade and investment, and privatization of domestic output has proceeded slowly. The economy has posted an excellent average growth rate of 6% since 1990, reducing poverty by about 10 percentage points. Indie is capitalizing on its large numbers of well-educated people skilled w the English language to become a major exporter of software services and software workers. Despite strong growth, the Swiat Bank and others worry about the continuing public-sector budget deficit, running at approximately 60% of Produkt krajowy brutto. |
| Elektrycznosc - konsumpcja | 497.2 billion kWh (2001) |
| Elektrycznosc - eksport | 321 million kWh (2001) |
| Elektrycznosc - import | 1.54 billion kWh (2001) |
| Elektrycznosc - produkcja | 533.3 billion kWh (2001) |
| Skrajne punkty wysokosci | lowest point: Ocean Indyjski 0 m
highest point: Kanchenjunga 8,598 m |
| Srodowisko - obecne problemy | deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; desertification; air pollution from industrial effluents and vehicle emissions; water pollution from raw sewage and runoff of agricultural pesticides; tap water is not potable throughout the country; huge and growing population is overstraining natural resources |
| Srodowisko - miedzynarodowe umowy | party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Klimat Change, Klimat Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements |
| Grupy etniczne | Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% (2000) |
| Kurs waluty | Indien rupees per US dollar - 46.5806 (2003), 48.6103 (2002), 47.1864 (2001), 44.9416 (2000), 43.0554 (1999) |
| Wladza wykonawcza | chief of state: President Abdul KALAM (since 26 lipiec 2002); Vice President Bhairon Singh SHEKHAWAT (since 19 sierpien 2002)
head of government: Prime Minister Manmohan SINGH (since NA maj 2004) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister elections: president elected by an electoral college consisting of elected members of both houses of Parliament and the legislatures of the states dla a five-year term; election last held NA lipiec 2002 (next to be held 18 lipiec 2007); vice president elected by both houses of Parliament dla a five-year term; election last held 12 sierpien 2002 (next to be held NA sierpien 2007); prime minister chosen by parliamentary members of the majority party following legislative elections; election last held kwiecien - maj 2004 (next to be held NA 2009) election results: Abdul KALAM elected president; percent of electoral college vote - 89.6%; Bhairon Singh SHEKHAWAT elected vice president; percent of Parliament vote - 59.8% |
| Eksport | 321 million kWh (2001) |
| Eksport | $57.24 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.) |
| Eksport | 0 cu m (2001 est.) |
| Eksport | NA (2001) |
| Eksport - towary | textile goods, gems and jewelry, engineering goods, chemicals, leather manufactures |
| Eksport - partnerzy | US 20.6%, Chiny 6.4%, UK 5.3%, Hong Kong 4.8%, Niemcy 4.4% (2003) |
| Rok podatkowy | 1 kwiecien - 31 marzec |
| Opis flagi | three equal horizontal bands of saffron (subdued orange) (top), white, and green z a blue chakra (24-spoked wheel) centered w the white band; similar to the flag of Niger, which has a small orange disk centered w the white band |
| Produkt krajowy brutto | purchasing power parity - $3.033 trillion (2003 est.) |
| Produkt krajowy brutto - podzial wg galezi przemyslu | agriculture: 23.6%
industry: 28.4% services: 48% (2002 est.) |
| Produkt krajowy brutto - per capita | purchasing power parity - $2,900 (2003 est.) |
| Produkt krajowy brutto - realny wspolczynnik wzrostu | 8.3% (2003 est.) |
| Koordynaty geograficzne | 20 00 N, 77 00 E |
| Polozenie geograficzne | dominates South Asian subcontinent; near important Ocean Indyjski trade routes |
| Ladowiska helikopterow | 20 (2003 est.) |
| Autostrady | total: 3,319,644 km
paved: 1,517,077 km unpaved: 1,802,567 km (1999 est.) |
| Domowy dochód albo konsumpcja wg podzialu procentowego | lowest 10%: 3.5%
highest 10%: 33.5% (1997) |
| Narkotyki | world's largest producer of licit opium dla the pharmaceutical trade, but an undetermined quantity of opium is diverted to illicit international drug markets; transit point dla illicit narcotics produced w neighboring countries; illicit producer of methaqualone; vulnerable to narcotics money laundering through the hawala system |
| Import | 1.54 billion kWh (2001) |
| Import | $74.15 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.) |
| Import | 0 cu m (2001 est.) |
| Import | NA (2001) |
| Import - towary | crude oil, machinery, gems, fertilizer, chemicals |
| Import - partnerzy | US 6.4%, Belgia 5.6%, UK 4.8%, Chiny 4.3%, Singapur 4% (2003) |
| Niepodleglosc | 15 sierpien 1947 (from UK) |
| Wspolczynnik wzrostu produkcji w przemysle | 6.5% (2003 est.) |
| Przemysl | textiles, chemicals, food processing, steel, transportation equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, software |
| Wspolczynnik umieralnosci noworodkow | total: 57.92 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 58.52 deaths/1,000 live births female: 57.29 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.) |
| Inflacja | 3.8% (2003 est.) |
| Czlonek miedzynarodowych organizacji | AfDB, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN (dialogue partner), BIS, C, CERN (observer), CP, FAO, G- 6, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NAM, OAS (observer), ONUB, OPCW, PCA, SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMOVIC, UNOCI, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO |
| Nawadniane tereny | 590,000 sq km (1998 est.) |
| Sadownictwo | Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president and remain w office until they reach the age of 65) |
| Sila robocza | 472 million (2003) |
| Sila robocza - wg galezi gospodarki | agriculture 60%, industry 17%, services 23% (1999) |
| Granica | total: 14,103 km
border countries: Bangladesz 4,053 km, Bhutan 605 km, Birma 1,463 km, Chiny 3,380 km, Nepal 1,690 km, Pakistan 2,912 km |
| Zagospodarowanie terenu | arable land: 54.4%
permanent crops: 2.74% other: 42.86% (2001) |
| Jezyki | English enjoys associate status but is the most important language dla national, political, and commercial communication; Hindi is the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people; there are 14 other official languages: Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit; Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern Indie but is not an official language |
| System prawny | based on English common law; limited judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, z reservations |
| Wladza ustawodawcza | bicameral Parliament or Sansad consists of the Council of States or Rajya Sabha (a body consisting of not more than 250 members, up to 12 of which are appointed by the president, the remainder are chosen by the elected members of the state and territorial assemblies; members serve six-year terms) and the People's Assembly or Lok Sabha (545 seats; 543 elected by popular vote, 2 appointed by the president; members serve five-year terms)
elections: People's Assembly - last held 20 kwiecien through 10 maj 2004 (next to be held NA 2009) election results: People's Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - INC 145, BJP 138, CPI(M) 43, SP 36, RJD 21, BSP 19, DMK 16, SS 12, BJD 11, CPI 10, NCP 9, JDU 8, SAD 8, PMK 6, TDP 5, TRS 5, JMM 5, LJSP 4, MDMK 4, independents 5, other 30 |
| Zywotnosc | total population: 63.99 years
male: 63.25 years female: 64.77 years (2004 est.) |
| Pismienni | definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 59.5% male: 70.2% female: 48.3% (2003 est.) |
| Lokalizacja | Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Birma and Pakistan |
| Lokalizacja na mapie | Asia |
| Morskie obszary | territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin |
| Flota handlowa | total: 306 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 6,555,507 GRT/11,069,791 DWT
by type: bulk 90, cargo 77, chemical tanker 14, combination bulk 1, combination ore/oil 2, container 10, liquefied gas 10, passenger/cargo 5, petroleum tanker 93, roll on/roll off 1, short-sea/passenger 2, specialized tanker 1 foreign-owned: Chiny 2, Portugalia 1 registered w other countries: 63 (2004 est.) |
| Wojsko | Army, Navy (including naval air arm), Air Force, Coast Guard, various security or paramilitary forces (including Border Security Force, Assam Rifles, National Security Guards, Indo-Tibetan Border Police, Special Frontier Force, Central Reserve Police Force, Central Industrial Security Force, Railway Protection Force, and Defense Security Corps) |
| Wojska - wydatki (w dolarach) | $14,018.8 million (2003) |
| Wojsko - wydatki (procent PKB) | 2.4% (2003) |
| Wojsko - zasoby ludzkie (w wieku poborowym) | males age 15-49: 293,677,117 (2004 est.) |
| Wojsko - zasoby ludzkie (zdolni do sluzby wojskowej) | males age 15-49: 172,153,371 (2004 est.) |
| Wojsko - zasoby ludzkie (osoby osiagajace wiek poborowy w ciagu roku) | males: 11,174,415 (2004 est.) |
| Swieto narodowe | Republic Day, 26 styczen (1950) |
| Narodowosc | noun: Indien(s)
adjective: Indien |
| Naturalne zagrozenia | droughts; flash floods, as well as widespread and destructive flooding from monsoonal rains; severe thunderstorms; earthquakes |
| Surowce naturalne | coal (fourth-largest reserves w the world), iron ore, manganese, mica, bauxite, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, diamonds, petroleum, limestone, arable land |
| Wspolczynnik migracji | -0.07 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.) |
| Rurociagi | gas 6,171 km; liquid petroleum gas 1,195 km; oil 5,613 km; refined products 5,567 km (2004) |
| Partie polityczne i przywodcy | All Indie Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or AIADMK [C. Jayalalitha JAYARAM]; All Indie Forward Bloc or AIFB, [D. BISWAS, general secretary]; Asom Gana Parishad [Brindaban GOSWAMI]; Bahujan Samaj Party or BSP [MAYAWATI]; Bharatiya Janata Party or BJP [Venkaiah NAIDU]; Biju Janata Dal or BJD [Naveen PATNAIK]; Communist Party of Indie or CPI [Ardhendu Bhushan BARDHAN]; Communist Party of Indie/Marxist-Leninist or CPI/ML [Dipankar BHATTACHARYA]; Congress (I) Party [Sonia GANDHI]; Dravida Munnetra Kazagham or DMK (a regional party w Tamil Nadu) [M. KARUNANIDHI]; Indien National Congress or INC [leader NA]; Indien National League [Suliaman SAITH]; Janata Dal (Secular) [H. D. Deve GOWDA]; Janata Dal (United) or JDU [Sharad YADAV]; Jharkhand Mukti Morcha or JMM [leader NA]; Kerala Congress (Mani faction) [K. M. MANI]; Lok Jan Shakti Party or LSP [leader NA]; Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam or MDMK [VAIKO]; Muslim League [G. M. BANATWALA]; Nationalist Congress Party or NCP [Sharad PAWAR]; Pattali Makkal Katchi or PMK [leader NA]; Rashtriya Janata Dal or RJD [Laloo Prasad YADAV]; Revolutionary Socialist Party or RSP [Abani ROY]; Samajwadi Party or SP [Mulayam Singh YADAV]; Shiromani Akali Dal or SAD [G. S. TOHRA]; Shiv Sena or SS [Bal THACKERAY]; Tamil Maanila Congress [G. K. VASAN]; Telangana Rashtra Samithi or TRS [leader NA]; Telugu Desam Party or TDP [Chandrababu NAIDU]; Trinamool Congress [Mamata BANERJEE] |
| Przesladowania polityczne ugrupowan oraz liderow | numerous religious or militant/chauvinistic organizations, including Vishwa Hindu Parishad, Bajrang Dal, and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh; various separatist groups seeking greater communal and/or regional autonomy, including the All Parties Hurriyat Conference |
| Ludnosc | 1,065,070,607 (lipiec 2004 est.) |
| Ludnosc zyjaca na skraju ubostwa | 25% (2002 est.) |
| Przyrost naturalny | 1.44% (2004 est.) |
| Porty i stocznie | Chennai (Madras), Cochin, Jawaharal Nehru, Kandla, Kolkata (Calcutta), Mumbai (Bombay), Vishakhapatnam |
| Stacje radiowe | AM 153, FM 91, shortwave 68 (1998) |
| Linie kolejowe | total: 63,140 km (15,994 km electrified)
broad gauge: 45,099 km 1.676-m gauge narrow gauge: 14,776 km 1.000-m gauge; 3,265 km 0.762-m gauge and 0.610-m gauge (2003) |
| Religie | Hindu 81.3%, Muslim 12%, Christian 2.3%, Sikh 1.9%, other groups including Buddhist, Jain, Parsi 2.5% (2000) |
| Wspolczynnik plci | at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.07 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 1.03 male(s)/female total population: 1.07 male(s)/female (2004 est.) |
| Prawo wyborcze | 18 years of age; universal |
| System telefoniczny | general assessment: recent deregulation and liberalization of telecommunications laws and policies have prompted rapid change; local and long distance service provided throughout all regions of the country, z services primarily concentrated w the urban areas; steady improvement is taking place z the recent admission of private and private-public investors, but telephone density remains low at about seven dla each 100 persons nationwide but only one per 100 persons w rural areas and a national waiting list of over 1.7 million; fastest growth is w cellular service z modest growth w fixed lines
domestic: expansion of domestic service, although still weak w rural areas, resulted from increased competition and dramatic reductions w price led w large part by wireless service; mobile cellular service (both CDMA and GSM) introduced w 1994 and organized nationwide into four metropolitan cities and 19 telecom circles each z about three private service providers and one state-owned service provider; w recent years significant trunk capacity added w the form of fiber-optic cable and one of the world's largest domestic satellite systems, the Indien National Satellite system (INSAT), z 5 satellites supporting 33,000 very small aperture terminals (VSAT) international: country code - 91; satellite earth stations - 8 Intelsat (Ocean Indyjski) and 1 Inmarsat (Ocean Indyjski region); nine gateway exchanges operating from Mumbai (Bombay), New Delhi, Kolkata (Calcutta), Chennai (Madras), Jalandhar, Kanpur, Gandhinagar, Hyderabad, and Ernakulam; 5 submarine cables, including Sea-Me-We-3 z landing sites at Cochin and Mumbai (Bombay), Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe (FLAG) z landing site at Mumbai (Bombay), Republika Poludniowej Afryki - Far East (SAFE) z landing site at Cochin, i2icn linking to Singapur z landing sites at Mumbai (Bombay) and Chennai (Madras), and Tata Indicom linking Singapur and Chennai (Madras), provide a significant increase w the bandwidth available dla both voice and data traffic (2004) |
| Telefony - wykorzystywane linie telefoniczne | 48.917 million (2003) |
| Telefony komorkowe | 26,154,400 (2003) |
| Stacje telewizyjne | 562 (of which 82 stations have 1 kW or greater power and 480 stations have less than 1 kW of power) (1997) |
| Uksztaltowanie terenu | upland plain (Deccan Plateau) w south, flat to rolling plain along the Ganges, deserts w west, Himalayas w north |
| Wspolczynnik nardzin przypadajacy na kobiety | 2.85 children born/woman (2004 est.) |
| Wspolczynnik bezrobocia | 9.5% (2003) |
| Drogi wodne | 14,500 km
note: 5,200 km on major rivers and 485 km on canals suitable dla mechanized vessels (2004) |
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