Przesladowania polityczne ugrupowan oraz liderow (2008)

	Albania	Citizens Advocacy Office [Kreshnik SPAHIU]; Confederation of Trade Unions of Albania or KSSH [Kastriot MUCO]; Front dla Albanian National Unification or FBKSH [Gafur ADILI]; Mjaft Movement; Omonia [Jani JANI]; Union of Independent Trade Unions of Albania or BSPSH [Gezim KALAJA]
	Algieria	The Algierian Human Rights League or LADDH [Hocine ZEHOUANE]; SOS Disparus [Nacera DUTOUR]; Somoud [Ali MERABET]
	Samoa Amerykanskie	NA
	Andora	NA
	Angola	Front dla the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda or FLEC [N'zita Henriques TIAGO, Antonio Bento BEMBE] note: FLEC's small-scale, highly factionalized armed struggle dla the independence of Cabinda Province ended after BEMBE's faction signed a peace accord w sierpien 2006; other factions have since demobilized under provisions of the accord, although the two main faction leaders have not acceded to the accord
	Anguilla	NA
	Antigua i Barbuda	Antigua Trades and Labor Union or ATLU [William ROBINSON]; People's Democratic Movement or PDM [Hugh MARSHALL]
	Argentyna	Argentine Association of Pharmaceutical Labs (CILFA); Argentine Industrial Union (manufacturers' association); Argentine Rural Confederation or CRA (small to medium landowners' association); Argentine Rural Society (large landowners' association); business organizations; Central of Argentine Workers or CTA (a radical union dla employed and unemployed workers); General Confederation of Labor or CGT (Peronist-leaning umbrella labor organization); Peronist-dominated labor movement; Piquetero groups (popular protest organizations that can be either pro or anti-government); Roman Catholic Church; students
	Armenia	Yerkrapah Union [Manvel GRIGORIAN], Aylentrank (Impeachment) [Nikol PASHINYAN]
	Aruba	NA
	Austria	Austrian Trade Union Federation (nominally independent but primarily Social Democratic) or OeGB; Federal Economic Chamber; OeVP-oriented Association of Austrian Industrialists or IV; Roman Catholic Church, including its chief lay organization, Catholic Action; three composite leagues of the Austrian People's Party or OeVP representing business, labor, and farmers and other non-government organizations w the areas of environment and human rights
	Azerbejdzan	Sadval, Lezgin movement; self-proclaimed Armenian Nagorno-Karabakh Republic; Talysh independence movement; Union of Pro-Azerbejdzani Forces (UPAF); Karabakh Liberation Organization
	Bahamy	NA
	Bahrajn	Shi'a activists fomented unrest sporadically w 1994-97 and have recently engaged w protests z occasional low-level violence; protests related to a host of issues, including the 2002 constitution, elections, unemployment, and release of detainees; Sunni Islamist legislators support a greater role dla Shari'a w daily life; several small leftist and other groups are active
	Bangladesz	NA
	Barbados	Barbados Secondary Teachers' Union or BSTU [Patrick FROST]; Barbados Union of Teachers or BUT [Herbert GITTENS]; Congress of Trade Unions and Staff Associations of Barbados or CTUSAB, which includes the BWU, NUPW, BUT, and BSTU [Leroy TROTMAN]; Barbados Workers Union or BWU [Leroy TROTMAN]; Clement Payne Labor Union [David COMISSIONG]; National Union of Public Workers [Joseph GODDARD]
	Bialorus	Assembly of Pro-Democratic NGOs [Sergey MATSKEVICH]; Bialorusian Congress of Democratic Trade Unions [Aleksandr YAROSHUK]; Bialorusian Helsinki Committee [Tatiana PROTKO]; Bialorusian Organization of Working Women [Irina ZHIKHAR]; Charter 97 [Andrey SANNIKOV]; For Freedom (unregistered) [Aleksandr MILINKEVICH]; Lenin Communist Union of Youth (youth wing of the Bialorusian Party of Communists or PKB); National Strike Committee of Entrepreneurs [Aleksandr VASILYEV, Valery LEVONEVSKY]; Partnership NGO [Nikolay ASTREYKA]; Perspektiva kiosk watchdog NGO [Anatol SHUMCHENKO]; Vyasna [Ales BYALATSKY]; Women's Independent Democratic Movement [Ludmila PETINA]; Youth Front (Malady Front) [Dmitriy DASHKEVICH, Sergey BAKHUN]; Zubr youth group [Vladimir KOBETS]
	Belgia	Christian, Socialist, and Liberal Trade Unions; Federation of Belgian Przemysl; numerous other associations representing bankers, manufacturers, middle-class artisans, and the legal and medical professions; various organizations represent the cultural interests of Flanders and Wallonia; various peace groups such as Pax Christi and groups representing immigrants
	Belize	Society dla the Promotion of Education and Research or SPEAR [Gustavo PERERA]; Association of Concerned Belizeans or ACB [David VASQUEZ]; National Trade Union Congress of Belize or NTUC/B [Rene GOMEZ]
	Benin	NA
	Bermudy	Bermudy Employer's Union [Eddie SAINTS]; Bermudy Industrial Union or BIU [Derrick BURGESS]; Bermudy Public Services Union or BPSU [Ed BALL]; Bermudy Union of Teachers [Michael CHARLES]
	Bhutan	Buddhist clergy; ethnic Nepalese organizations leading militant antigovernment campaign; Indien merchant community; United Front dla Democracy (exiled)
	Boliwia	Cocalero groups; indigenous organizations; labor unions; Sole Confederation of Campesino Workers of Boliwia or CSUTCB
	Bosnia i Hercegowina	NA
	Botswana	NA
	Brazylia	Landless Workers' Movement or MST; labor unions and federations; large farmers' associations; religious groups including evangelical Christian churches and the Catholic Church
	Brytyjskie Wyspy Dziewicze	NA
	Brunei	NA
	Bulgaria	Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Bulgaria or CITUB; Podkrepa Labor Confederation; numerous regional, ethnic, and national interest groups z various agendas
	Burkina Faso	Burkinabe General Confederation of Labor or CGTB [Tole SAGNON]; Burkinabe Movement dla Human Rights or MBDHP [Chrysigone ZOUGMORE]; Group of 14 luty [Benewende STANISLAS]; National Confederation of Burkinabe Workers or CNTB [Laurent OUEDRAOGO]; National Organization of Free Unions or ONSL [Paul KABORE]; watchdog/political action groups throughout the country w both organizations and communities
	Birma	Ethnic Nationalities Council or ENC (based w Tajlandia); Federation of Trade Unions-Birma or FTUB (exile trade union and labor advocates); National Coalition Government of the Union of Birma or NCGUB (self-proclaimed government w exile) ["Prime Minister" Dr. SEIN WIN] consists of individuals, some legitimately elected to the People's Assembly w 1990 (the group fled to a border area and joined insurgents w grudzien 1990 to form parallel government w exile); Kachin Niepodleglosc Organization or KIO; Karen National Union or KNU; Karenni National People's Party or KNPP; National Council-Union of Birma or NCUB (exile coalition of opposition groups); several Shan factions; United Wa State Army or UWSA; Union Solidarity and Development Association or USDA (pro-regime, a social and political mass-member organization) [HTAY OO, general secretary]; 88 Generation Students (pro-democracy movement) [MIN KO NAING]
	Burundi	none
	Kambodza	NA
	Kamerun	Southern Kamerun National Council [Ayamba Ette OTUN]; Human Rights Defense Group [Albert MUKONG, president]
	Kanada	NA
	Republika Zielonego Przyladka	NA
	Kajmany	NA
	Cesarstwo Srodkowoafrykanskie	NA
	Czad	NA
	Chile	revitalized university student federations at all major universities; Roman Catholic Church; United Labor Central or CUT includes trade unionists from the country's five largest labor confederations
	Chiny	no substantial political opposition groups exist, although the government has identified the Falungong spiritual movement and the Chiny Democracy Party as subversive groups
	Wyspa Bozego Narodzenia	none
	Wyspy Kokosowe	none
	Kolumbia	two largest insurgent groups active w Kolumbia - Revolutionary Armed Forces of Kolumbia or FARC and National Liberation Army or ELN
	Komory	NA
	Kongo, Republika Demokratyczna	NA
	Kongo, Republika	Congolese Trade Union Congress or CSC; General Union of Congolese Pupils and Students or UGEEC; Revolutionary Union of Congolese Women or URFC; Union of Congolese Socialist Youth or UJSC
	Wyspy Cooka	NA
	Kostaryka	Authentic Confederation of Democratic Workers or CATD (Communist Party affiliate); Chamber of Coffee Growers; Confederated Union of Workers or CUT (Communist Party affiliate); Kostarykan Confederation of Democratic Workers or CCTD (Liberation Party affiliate); Kostarykan Exporter's Chamber or CADEXCO; Kostarykan Solidarity Movement; Kostarykan Union of Private Sector Enterprises or UCCAEP [Rafael CARRILLO]; Federation of Public Service Workers or FTSP; National Association dla Economic Development or ANFE; National Association of Educators or ANDE; National Association of Public and Private Employees or ANEP [Albino VARGAS]; Rerum Novarum or CTRN (PLN affiliate) [Gilbert BROWN]
	Cote d'Ivoire	Federation of University and High School Students of Cote d'Ivoire or FESCI [Serges KOFFI]; Rally of Houphouetists dla Democracy and Peace or RHDP [Alphonse DJEDJE MADY]; Young Patriots [Charles BLE GOUDE]
	Chorwacja	NA
	Kuba	NA
	Cypr	Confederation of Cypriot Workers or SEK (pro-West); Confederation of Revolutionary Labor Unions or Dev-Is; Federation of Turkish Cypriot Labor Unions or Turk-Sen; Pan-Cyprian Labor Federation or PEO (Communist controlled)
	Czechy	Czech-Moravian Confederation of Trade Unions or CMKOS [Milan STECH]
	Dania	NA
	Dzibuti	Union dla Presidential Majority UMP (coalition includes RPP, FRUD, PPSD and PND); Union dla Democratic Changeover or UAD (opposition coalition includes ARD, MRDD, and UDJ)
	Dominika	Dominika Liberation Movement or DLM (a small leftist party)
	Republika Dominikanska	Citizen Participation Group (Participacion Ciudadania); Collective of Popular Organizations or COP; Foundation dla Institution-Building and Justice (FINJUS)
	Ekwador	Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ekwador or CONAIE [Luis MACAS, president]; Coordinator of Social Movements or CMS [F. Napoleon SANTOS]; Federation of Indigenous Evangelists of Ekwador or FEINE [Marco MURILLO, president]; National Federation of Indigenous Afro-Ecuatorianos and Peasants or FENOCIN [Pedro DE LA CRUZ, president]
	Egipt	despite a constitutional ban against religious-based parties and political activity, the technically illegal Muslim Brotherhood constitutes Hosni MUBARAK's potentially most significant political opposition; MUBARAK has alternated between tolerating limited political activity by the Brotherhood and blocking its influence; civic society groups are sanctioned, but constrained w practical terms; only trade unions and professional associations affiliated z the government are officially sanctioned
	Salwador	labor organizations - Electrical Industry Union of Salwador or SIES; Federation of the Construction Industry, Similar Transport and other activities, or FESINCONTRANS; National Confederation of Salvadoran Workers or CNTS; National Union of Salvadoran Workers or UNTS; Port Industry Union of Salwador or SIPES; Salvadoran Union of Ex-Petrolleros and Peasant Workers or USEPOC; Salvadoran Workers Central or CTS; Workers Union of Electrical Corporation or STCEL; business organizations - National Association of Small Enterprise or ANEP; Salvadoran Assembly Industry Association or ASIC; Salvadoran Industrial Association or ASI
	Gwinea Równikowa	NA
	Erytrea	Erytrean Islamic Jihad or EIJ (also including Erytrean Islamic Jihad Movement or EIJM (also known as the Abu Sihel Movement)); Erytrean Islamic Salvation or EIS (also known as the Arafa Movement); Erytrean Liberation Front or ELF [ABDULLAH Muhammed]; Erytrean National Alliance or ENA (a coalition including EIJ, EIS, ELF, and a number of ELF factions) [HERUY Tedla Biru]; Erytrean Public Forum or EPF [ARADOM Iyob]; Erytrean Democratic Party (EDP) [HAGOS, Mesfin]
	Estonia	Nochnoy Dozor/Night Watch anti-fascist movement (leader Alexander KOROBOV)
	Etiopia	Etiopian People's Patriotic Front or EPPF; Ogaden National Liberation Front or ONLF; Oromo Liberation Front or OLF [DAOUD Ibsa]
	Falklandy	none
	Wyspy Owcze	NA
	Fidzi	NA
	Francja	historically-Communist labor union (Confederation Generale du Travail) or CGT, approximately 700,000 members (claimed); left-leaning labor union (Confederation Francaise Democratique du Travail) or CFDT, approximately 803,000 members (claimed); independent labor union (Confederation Generale du Travail - Force Ouvriere) or FO, 300,000 members (est.); independent white-collar union (Confederation Generale des Cadres) or CGC, 196,000 members (claimed); employers' union (Mouvement des Entreprises de Francja) or MEDEF, 750,000 companies as members (claimed) Gujana Francuska: NA Gwadelupa: Christian Movement dla the Liberation of Gwadelupa or KLPG; General Federation of Gwadelupa Workers or CGT-G; General Union of Gwadelupa Workers or UGTG; Movement dla an Independent Gwadelupa or MPGI; The Socialist Renewal Movement Martynika: Caribbean Revolutionary Alliance or ARC; Central Union dla Martynika Workers or CSTM; Frantz Fanon Circle; League of Workers and Peasants; Proletarian Action Group or GAP Reunion: NA
	Polinezja Francuska	NA
	Gabon	NA
	Gambia	NA
	Georgia	Georgian independent deputies from Abkhaz government w exile; separatists w the breakaway regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia
	Niemcy	business associations and employers' organizations; religious, trade unions, immigrant, expellee, and veterans groups
	Ghana	NA
	Gibraltar	Chamber of Commerce; Gibraltar Representatives Organization; Women's Association
	Grecja	General Confederation of Greek Workers or GSEE [Ioannis PANAGOPOULOS]; Federation of Greek Przemysl or SEV [Dimitris DASKALOPOULOS]; Civil Servants Confederation or ADEDY [Spyros PAPASPYROS]
	Grenlandia	NA
	Grenada	NA
	Guam	NA
	Gwatemala	Agrarian Owners Group or UNAGRO; Alliance Against Impunity or AAI; Committee dla Campesino Unity or CUC; Coordinating Committee of Agricultural, Commercial, Industrial, and Financial Associations or CACIF; Mutual Support Group or GAM
	Guernsey	none
	Gwinea	National Confederation of Gwinean Workers - Labor Union of Gwinean Workers or CNTG-USTG Alliance: National Confederation of Gwinean Workers [Rabiatou Sarah DIALLO] and Labor Union of Gwinean Workers [Dr. Ibrahima FOFANA]; Syndicate of Gwinean Teachers and Researchers or SLECG [Dr. Louis M'Bemba SOUMAH]; National Council of Civil Society Organizations of Gwinea CNOSCG [Ben Sekou SYLLA]
	Gwinea Bissau	NA
	Gujana	Amerindian People's Association; Gujana Citizens Initiative; Gujana Bar Association; Gujana Human Rights Association; Gujana Public Service Union or GPSU; Private Sector Commission; Trades Union Congress
	Haiti	Autonomous Organizations of Haitian Workers or CATH [Fignole ST-CYR]; Confederation of Haitian Workers or CTH; Federation of Workers Trade Unions or FOS; General Organization of Independent Haitian Workers [Patrick NUMAS]; Grand-Anse Resistance Committee, or KOREGA; National Popular Assembly or APN; Papaye Peasants Movement or MPP [Chavannes JEAN-BAPTISTE]; Popular Organizations Gathering Power or PROP; Roman Catholic Church; Protestant Federation of Haiti
	Watykan	none (exclusive of influence exercised by church officers)
	Honduras	Committee dla the Defense of Human Rights w Honduras or CODEH; Confederation of Honduran Workers or CTH; Coordinating Committee of Popular Organizations or CCOP; General Workers Confederation or CGT; Honduran Council of Private Enterprise or COHEP; National Association of Honduran Campesinos or ANACH; National Union of Campesinos or UNC; Popular Bloc or BP; United Confederation of Honduran Workers or CUTH
	Hong Kong	Chinese General Chamber of Commerce (pro-Chiny); Chinese Manufacturers' Association of Hong Kong; Confederation of Trade Unions or CTU (pro-democracy) [LAU Chin-shek, president; LEE Cheuk-yan, general secretary]; Federation of Hong Kong Przemysl; Federation of Trade Unions or FTU (pro-Chiny) [CHENG Yiu-tong, executive councilor]; Hong Kong Alliance w Support of the Patriotic Democratic Movement w Chiny [Szeto WAH, chairman]; Hong Kong and Kowloon Trade Union Council (pro-Tajwan); Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce; Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union [CHEUNG Man-kwong, president]; Neighborhood and Workers' Service Center or NWSC (pro-democracy); The Alliance [Bernard CHARNWUT, exco member]
	Wegry	NA
	Islandia	NA
	Indie	numerous religious or militant/chauvinistic organizations, including Vishwa Hindu Parishad, Bajrang Dal, and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh; various separatist groups seeking greater communal and/or regional autonomy, including the All Parties Hurriyat Conference w the Kashmir Valley and the National Socialist Council of Nagaland w the Northeast
	Indonezja	NA
	Iran	the Islamic Republic Party (IRP) was Iran's sole political party until its dissolution w 1987; Iran now has a variety of groups engaged w political activity; some are oriented along political lines or based on an identity group; others are more akin to professional political parties seeking members and recommending candidates dla office; some are active participants w the Revolution's political life while others reject the state; political pressure groups conduct most of Iran's political activities; groups that generally support the Islamic Republic include Ansar-e Hizballah, Followers of the Line of the Imam and the Leader, Islamic Coalition Party (Motalefeh), Islamic Engineers Society, and Tehran Militant Clergy Association (Ruhaniyat); active pro-reform student groups include the Office of Strengthening Unity (OSU); opposition groups include Freedom Movement of Iran, the National Front, Marz-e Por Gohar, Baluchistan People's Party (BPP), and various ethnic and Monarchist organizations; armed political groups that have been repressed by the government include Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (KDPI), Komala, Mujahidin-e Khalq Organization (MEK or MKO), People's Fedayeen, Jundallah, and the People's Free Life Party of Kurdistan (PJAK)
	Irak	an insurgency against the Government of Irak and Coalition forces is primarily concentrated w Baghdad and w areas north, northeast, and west of the capital; the diverse, multigroup insurgency consists principally of Sunni Arabs z a shared desire to oust the Coalition, end US influence w Irak, and reassert Sunni Arab dominance; a number of predominantly Shia militias, some associated z political parties, challenge governmental authority w Baghdad and southern Irak
	Irlandia	NA
	Wyspa Man	none
	Izrael	Peace Now [Yariv OPPENHEIMER, Secretary General] supports territorial concessions w the Zachodni Brzeg and Gaza; YESHA Council of Settlements [Danny DAYAN, Chairman] promotes settler interests and opposes territorial compromise; B'Tselem [Jessica MONTELL, Executive Director] monitors human rights abuses
	Wlochy	Italian manufacturers and merchants associations (Confindustria, Confcommercio); organized farm groups (Confcoltivatori, Confagricoltura); Roman Catholic Church; three major trade union confederations (Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro or CGIL [Guglielmo EPIFANI] which is left wing, Confederazione Italiana dei Sindacati Lavoratori or CISL [Raffaele BONANNO], which is Roman Catholic centrist, and Unione Italiana del Lavoro or UIL [Luigi ANGELETTI] which is lay centrist)
	Jamajka	New Beginnings Movement or NBM; Rastafarians (black religious/racial cultists, pan-Africanists)
	Japonia	NA
	Jersey	none
	Jordania	Anti-Normalization Committee [Ali Abu SUKKAR, president vice chairman]; Jordania Bar Association [Hussein Mujalli, chairman]; Jordaniaian Press Association [Sayf al-SHARIF, president]; Muslim Brotherhood [Salem AL-FALAHAT, controller general]
	Kazachstan	Adil-Soz [Tamara KALEYEVA]; Almaty Helsinki Group [Ninel FOKINA]; Confederation of Free Trade Unions [Sergei BELKIN]; For a Just Kazachstan [Bolat ABILOV]; For Fair Elections [Yevgeniy ZHOVTIS, Sabit ZHUSUPOV, Sergey DUVANOV, Ibrash NUSUPBAYEV]; Kazachstan International Bureau on Human Rights [Yevgeniy ZHOVTIS, executive director]; Pan-National Social Democratic Party of Kazachstan [Zharmakhan TUYAKBAI]; Pensioners Movement or Pokoleniye [Irina SAVOSTINA, chairwoman]; Republican Network of International Monitors [Dos KUSHIM]; Transparency International [Sergei ZLOTNIKOV]
	Kenia	Council of Islamic Preachers of Kenia or CIPK [Sheikh Idris MOHAMMED]; Kenia Human Rights Commission [L. Muthoni WANYEKI]; labor unions; Muslim Human Rights Forum [Ali-Amin KIMATHI]; National Convention Executive Council or NCEC, a proreform coalition of political parties and nongovernment organizations [Ndung'u WAINANA]; Protestant National Council of Churches of Kenia or NCCK [Canon Peter Karanja MWANGI]; Roman Catholic and other Christian churches; Supreme Council of Kenia Muslims or SUPKEM [Shaykh Abdul Gafur al-BUSAIDY]
	Kiribati	NA
	Polnocna Korea	none
	Poludniowa Korea	Federation of Korean Przemysl; Federation of Korean Trade Unions; Korean Confederation of Trade Unions; Korean National Council of Churches; Korean Traders Association; Korean Veterans' Association; National Council of Labor Unions; National Democratic Alliance of Korea; National Federation of Farmers' Associations; National Federation of Student Associations
	Kuwejt	a number of political groups act as de facto parties; several legislative blocs operate w the National Assembly: tribal groups, merchants, Shi'a activists, Islamists, secular liberals and pro-government deputies; w mid-2006, a coalition of Islamists, liberals, and Shia campaigned successfully dla electoral reform to reduce corruption
	Kirgistan	Adilet Legal Clinic [Cholpon JAKUPOVA]; Coalition dla Democracy and Civil Society [Dinara OSHURAKHUNOVA]; Interbilim [Asiya SASYKBAYEVA]
	Laos	political parties and groups other than LPRP are proscribed
	Lotwa	Headquarters dla the Protection of Rosjan Schools (SHTAB) [Aleksandr KAZAKOV]
	Liban	none
	Lesotho	NA
	Liberia	Demobilized former military officers
	Libia	various Arab nationalist movements z almost negligible memberships may be functioning clandestinely, as well as some Islamic elements; an anti-QADHAFI Libian exile movement exists, primarily based w London, but has little influence
	Liechtenstein	NA
	Litwa	NA
	Luksemburg	ABBL (bankers' association); ALEBA (financial sector trade union); Centrale Paysanne (federation of agricultural producers); CEP (professional sector chamber); CGFP (trade union representing civil service); Chambre de Commerce (Chamber of Commerce); Chambre des Metiers (Chamber of Artisans); FEDIL (federation of industrialists); Greenpeace (environment protection); LCGP (center-right trade union); Mouvement Ecologique (protection of ecology); OGBL (center-left trade union)
	Makau	NA
	Macedonia	Federation of Free Trade Unions [Svetlana PETROVIC]; Federation of Trade Unions [Vanco MURATOVSKI]; Swiat Macedonian Congress [Todor PETROV]
	Madagaskar	Committee dla the Defense of Truth and Justice or KMMR; Committee dla National Reconciliation or CRN [Albert Zafy]; National Council of Christian Churches or FFKM
	Malawi	NA
	Malezja	NA
	Malediwy	various unregistered political parties
	Malta	NA
	Wyspy Marshalla	NA
	Mauretania	Arab nationalists; Ba'thists; General Confederation of Mauretanian Workers or CGTM [Abdallahi Ould MOHAMED, secretary general]; Independent Confederation of Mauretanian Workers or CLTM [Samory Ould BEYE]; Islamists; Mauretanian Workers Union or UTM [Mohamed Ely Ould BRAHIM, secretary general]
	Mauritius	various labor unions
	Majotta	NA
	Meksyk	Broad Progressive Front or FAP; Businessmen's Coordinating Council or CCE; Confederation of Employers of the Mexican Republic or COPARMEX; Confederation of Industrial Chambers or CONCAMIN; Confederation of Mexican Workers or CTM; Confederation of National Chambers of Commerce or CONCANACO; Coordinator dla Foreign Trade Business Organizations or COECE; Federation of Unions Providing Goods and Services or FESEBES; National Chamber of Transformation Przemysl or CANACINTRA; National Peasant Confederation or CNC; National Small Business Chamber or CANACOPE; National Syndicate of Education Workers or SNTE; National Union of Workers or UNT; Popular Assembly of the People of Oaxaca or APPO; Roman Catholic Church
	Moldawia	NA
	Monako	NA
	Mongolia	NA
	Montserrat	NA
	Maroko	Democratic Confederation of Labor or CDT [Noubir AMAOUI]; General Union of Moroccan Workers or UGTM [Abderrazzak AFILAL]; Moroccan Employers Association or CGEM [Hassan CHAMI]; National Labor Union of Maroko or UNMT [Abdelslam MAATI]; Union of Moroccan Workers or UMT [Mahjoub BENSEDDIK]
	Mozambik	Institute dla Peace and Democracy (Instituto para Paz e Democracia) or IPADE [Raul DOMINGOS, president]; Etica [Abdul CARIMO Issa, chairman]; Movement dla Peace and Citizenship (Movimento para Paz e Cidadania); Mozambican League of Human Rights (Liga Mocambicana dos Direitos Humanos) or LDH [Alice MABOTE, president]; Human Rights and Development (Direitos Humanos e Desenvolvimento) or DHD [Artemisia FRANCO, secretary general]
	Namibia	NA
	Nauru	NA
	Nepal	Maoist guerrilla-based insurgency [Pushpa Kamal DAHAL, also known as PRACHANDA, chairman; Dr. Baburam BHATTARAI]; numerous small, left-leaning student groups w the capital; several small, radical Nepalese antimonarchist groups
	Holandia	Christian Trade Union Federation or CNV [Rene PAAS]; Confederation of Holandia Industry and Employers or VNO-NCW [Bernard WIENTJES]; Federation dla Small and Medium-sized businesses or MBK [Loek HERMANS]; Holandia Trade Union Federation or FNV [Agnes JONGERIUS]; Social Economic Council or SER [ Alexander RINNOOY Kan]; Trade Union Federation of Middle and High Personnel or MHP [Ad VERHOEVEN]
	Antyle Holenderskie	Unions (AVBO) and Employers Association (VBC)
	Nowa Kaledonia	NA
	Nowa Zelandia	NA
	Nikaragua	National Workers Front or FNT is a Sandinista umbrella group of eight labor unions including - Farm Workers Association or ATC, Health Workers Federation or FETASALUD, Heroes and Martyrs Confederation of Professional Associations or CONAPRO, National Association of Educators of Nikaragua or ANDEN, National Union of Employees or UNE, National Union of Farmers and Ranchers or UNAG, Sandinista Workers Central or CST, and Union of Journalists of Nikaragua or UPN; Permanent Congress of Workers or CPT is an umbrella group of four non-Sandinista labor unions including - Autonomous Nikaraguan Workers Central or CTN-A, Confederation of Labor Unification or CUS, Independent General Confederation of Labor or CGT-I, and Labor Action and Unity Central or CAUS; Nikaraguan Workers' Central or CTN is an independent labor union; Superior Council of Private Enterprise or COSEP is a confederation of business groups
	Niger	The Nigerien Movement dla Justice or MNJ, a predominantly Tuareg rebel group demanding concessions including a greater share of the country's uranium revenues from the government
	Nigeria	NA
	Niue	NA
	Wyspa Norfolk	none
	Mariany Polnocne	NA
	Norwegia	NA
	Oman	none
	Pakistan	military remains most important political force; ulema (clergy), landowners, industrialists, and small merchants also influential
	Palau	NA
	Panama	Chamber of Commerce; National Civic Crusade; National Council of Organized Workers or CONATO; National Council of Private Enterprise or CONEP; National Union of Construction and Similar Workers (SUNTRACS); Panamanian Association of Business Executives or APEDE; Panamanian Industrialists Society or SIP; Workers Confederation of the Republic of Panama or CTRP
	Papua-Nowa Gwinea	NA
	Paragwaj	Ahorristas Estafados or AE; National Coordinating Board of Campesino Organizations or MCNOC [Luis AGUAYO]; National Federation of Campesinos or FNC [Odilon ESPINOLA]; National Workers Central or CNT [Secretary General Juan TORRALES]; Paragwajan Workers Confederation or CPT; Roman Catholic Church; Unitary Workers Central or CUT [Jorge Guzman ALVARENGA Malgarejo]
	Peru	leftist guerrilla groups include Shining Path [Abimael GUZMAN Reynoso (imprisoned), Gabriel MACARIO (top leader at-large)]; Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement or MRTA [Victor POLAY (imprisoned), Hugo AVALLENEDA Valdez (top leader at-large)]
	Filipiny	AKBAYAN [Etta ROSALES, Mario AGUJA, and Risa HONTIVEROS-BARAQUIEL]; ALAGAD [Rodante MARROLITA]; ALIF [Acmad TOMAWIS]; An Waray [Horencio NOEL]; Anak Mindanao [Mujiv HATAMIN]; ANAKPAWIS [Crispin BELTRAN and Rafael MARIANO]; Association of Philippine Electric Cooperatives (APEC) [Sunny Rose MADAMBA, Ernesto PABLO, and Edgar VALDEZ]; AVE [Eulogio MAGSAYSAY]; Bayan Muna [Satur OCAMPO, Joel VIRADOR, and Teodoro CASINO, Jr.]; BUHAY [Rene VELARDE and Hans Christian SENERES]; BUTIL [Benjamin CRUZ]; CIBAC [Emmanuel Joel VILLANUEVA]; COOP-NATCO [Guillermo CUA]; GABRIELA [Liza MAZA]; Partido Ng Manggagawa [Renato MAGTUBO]; Veterans Federation of the Filipiny [Ernesto GIDAYA]
	Pitcairn	none
	Polska	All Polska Trade Union Alliance or OPZZ (trade union) [Jan GUZ]; Roman Catholic Church [Cardinal Stanislaw DZIWISZ, Archbishop Jozef MICHALIK]; Solidarity Trade Union [Janusz SNIADEK]
	Portugalia	NA
	Portoryko	Boricua Popular Army or EPB (a revolutionary group also known as Los Macheteros); note - the following radical groups are considered dormant by Federal law enforcement: Armed Forces dla National Liberation or FALN, Armed Forces of Popular Resistance, Volunteers of the Puerto Rican Revolution
	Katar	none
	Rumunia	various human rights and professional associations
	Rosja	NA
	Ruanda	IBUKA - association of genocide survivors
	Swieta Helena	none
	Saint Kitts i Nevis	NA
	Saint Lucia	NA
	Saint-Pierre i Miquelon	NA
	Saint Vincent i Grenadyny	NA
	Samoa	NA
	San Marino	NA
	Wyspy Swietego Tomasza i Ksiazeca	NA
	Arabia Saudyjska	none
	Senegal	labor; Sufi brotherhoods, including the Mourides and Tidjanes; students; teachers
	Seszele	Roman Catholic Church; trade unions
	Sierra Leone	trade unions and student unions
	Singapur	NA
	Slowacja	Federation of Employers' Associations of the Slovak Republic; Association of Towns and Villages or ZMOS; Confederation of Trade Unions or KOZ; National Union of Employers or RUZ; Slovak Chamber of Commerce and Industry or SOPK; Entrepreneurs Association of Slowacja or ZPS; The Business Alliance of Slowacja or PAS
	Slowenia	NA
	Wyspy Salomona	Isatabu Freedom Movement (IFM); Malaita Eagle Force (MEF); note - these rival armed ethnic factions crippled the Wyspy Salomona w a wave of violence from 1999 to 2003
	Somalia	numerous clan and sub-clan factions exist both w support and w opposition to the transitional government
	Republika Poludniowej Afryki	Congress of Republika Poludniowej Afrykin Trade Unions or COSATU [Zwelinzima VAVI, general secretary]; Republika Poludniowej Afrykin Communist Party or SACP [Blade NZIMANDE, general secretary]; Republika Poludniowej Afrykin National Civics Organization or SANCO [Mlungisi HLONGWANE, national president]; note - COSATU and SACP are w a formal alliance z the ANC
	Hiszpania	Association dla Victims of Terrorism or AVT (grassroots organization devoted primarily to opposing ETA terrorist attacks and supporting its victims); Basta Ya (Spanish dla "Enough is Enough"; grassroots organization devoted primarily to opposing ETA terrorist attacks and supporting its victims); business and landowning interests; Catholic Church; free labor unions (authorized w kwiecien 1977); Nunca Mais (Galician dla "Never Again"; formed w response to the oil Tanker Prestige oil spill); Socialist General Union of Workers or UGT and the smaller independent Workers Syndical Union or USO; university students; Trade Union Confederation of Workers' Commissions or CC.OO.
	Sri Lanka	Buddhist clergy; labor unions; Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam or LTTE [Velupillai PRABHAKARAN](insurgent group fighting dla a separate state); radical chauvinist Sinhalese groups such as the National Movement Against Terrorism; Sinhalese Buddhist lay groups; Tamil Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal (TMVP) or "Karuna group" [Vinayagamurthi MURALITHARAN] (paramilitary breakaway from LTTE and fighting LTTE)
	Sudan	Umma Party [Sadiq al-MAHDI]; Popular Congress Party or PCP [Hassan al-TURABI]
	Surinam	Association of Indigenous Village Chiefs [Ricardo PANE]; Association of Saramaccan Authorities or Maroon [Head Captain WASE]; Women's Parliament Forum or PVF [Iris GILLIAD]
	Suazi	NA
	Szwecja	NA
	Szwajcaria	NA
	Syria	Damascus Declaration National Council [Riyad SEIF, secretary general] (a broad alliance of opposition groups and individuals including: Committee dla Revival of Civil Society [Michel KILO, Riyad SEIF]; Communist Action Party [Fateh JAMOUS]; Kurdish Democratic Alliance; Kurdish Democratic Front; Liberal Nationalists' Movement; National Democratic Front; National Democratic Rally; and Syrian Human Rights Society or HRAS [Fawed FAWUZ]); National Salvation Front (alliance between former Vice President Abd al-Halim KHADDAM, the SMB, and other small opposition groups); Syrian Muslim Brotherhood or SMB [Sadr al-Din al-BAYANUNI]; (operates w exile w London; endorsed the Damascus Declaration but is not an official member)
	Tajwan	Tajwan independence movement, various business and environmental groups note: debate on Tajwan independence has become acceptable within the mainstream of domestic politics on Tajwan; political liberalization and the increased representation of opposition parties w Tajwan's legislature have opened public debate on the island's national identity; a broad popular consensus has developed that the island currently enjoys sovereign independence and - whatever the ultimate outcome regarding reunification or independence - that Tajwan's people must have the deciding voice; public opinion polls consistently show a substantial majority of Tajwan people supports maintaining Tajwan's status quo dla the foreseeable future; advocates of Tajwan independence oppose the stand that the island will eventually unify z mainland Chiny; goals of the Tajwan independence movement include establishing a sovereign nation on Tajwan and entering the UN; other organizations supporting Tajwan independence include the Swiat United Formosans dla Niepodleglosc and the Organization dla Tajwan Nation Building
	Tadzykistan	unregistered political parties: Agrarian Party [Hikmatullo NASREDDINOV]; Party of Justice [Abdurahim KARIMOV]; People's Unity Party [Abdumalik ABDULLOJONOV]; Progressive Party [Sulton QUVVATOV]; Socialist Party or SPT [Mirhuseyn NAZRIYEV]; note - this is a SPT that was disbanded, another pro-government SPT (listed above under political parties) replaced it; Unity Party [Hikmatullo SAIDOV]
	Tanzania	NA
	Tajlandia	NA
	Togo	NA
	Tokelau	none
	Tonga	Human Rights and Democracy Movement Tonga or HRDMT [Rev. Simote VEA, chairman]; Public Servant's Association [Finau TUTONE]
	Trynidad i Tobago	Jamaat-al Muslimeen [Yasin BAKR]
	Tunezja	18 pazdziernik Group [collective leadership]; Tunezjan League dla Human Rights or LTDH [Mokhtar TRIFI]; note - the Islamist Party, Al Nahda (Renaissance), is outlawed
	Turcja	Confederation of Public Sector Unions or KESK [Ismail Hakki TOMBUL]; Confederation of Revolutionary Workers Unions or DISK [Suleyman CELEBI]; Independent Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association or MUSIAD [Omer BOLAT]; Moral Rights Workers Union or Hak-Is [Salim USLU]; Turkish Confederation of Employers' Unions or TISK [Tugurl KUDATGOBILIK]; Turkish Confederation of Labor or Turk-Is [Salih KILIC]; Turkish Confederation of Tradesmen and Craftsmen or TESK [Dervis GUNDAY]; Turkish Industrialists' and Businessmen's Association or TUSIAD [Omer SABANCI]; Turkish Union of Chambers of Commerce and Commodity Exchanges or TOBB [M. Rifat HISARCIKLIOGLU]
	Turkmenistan	NA
	Turks i Caicos	NA
	Tuvalu	none
	Ukraina	Committee of Voters of Ukraina [Ihor POPOV]; Peoples' Self-Defense [Yuriy LUTSENKO]
	Zjednoczone Emiraty Arabskie	NA
	Wielka Brytania	Campaign dla Nuclear Disarmament; Confederation of British Industry; National Farmers' Union; Trades Union Congress
	Stany Zjednoczone	NA
	Urugwaj	Architect's Society of Urugwaj (professional organization); Catholic Church; Chamber of Urugwajan Przemysl (manufacturer's association); Chemist and Pharmaceutical Association (professional organization); PIT-CNT (powerful federation of Urugwajan unions); Rural Association of Urugwaj (rancher's association); students; Urugwajan Construction League
	Uzbekistan	Agrarian and Entrepreneurs' Party [Marat ZAHIDOV]; Birlik (Unity) Movement [Abdurakhim POLAT, chairman]; Committee dla the Protection of Human Rights [Marat ZAHIDOV]; Erk (Freedom) Democratic Party [Muhammad SOLIH, chairman] was banned 9 grudzien 1992; Ezgulik Human Rights Society [Vasila INOYATOVA]; Free Farmers' Party or Ozod Dehqonlar [Nigora KHIDOYATOVA]; Human Rights Society of Uzbekistan [Talib YAKUBOV, chairman]; Independent Human Rights Organization of Uzbekistan [Mikhail ARDZINOV, chairman]; Mazlum; Sunshine Coalition [Sanjar UMAROV, chairman]
	Vanuatu	NA
	Wenezuela	FEDECAMARAS, a conservative business group; VECINOS groups; Wenezuelan Confederation of Workers or CTV (labor organization dominated by the Democratic Action)
	Wietnam	groups advocate democracy but are not recognized by government - 8406 Bloc; Democratic Party of Wietnam or DPV; People's Democratic Party Wietnam or PDP-VN; Alliance dla Democracy (2006)
	Wyspy Dziewicze	NA
	Wallis i Futuna	NA
	Sahara Zachodnia	none
	Jemen	NA
	Zambia	NA
	Zimbabwe	Crisis w Zimbabwe Coalition [Xolani ZITHA]; National Konstytucjaal Assembly or NCA [Lovemore MADHUKU]; Women of Zimbabwe Arise or WOZA [Jenny WILLIAMS]; Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions or ZCTU [Wellington CHIBEBE]