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Judicial branch (2001)

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Informations about Judicial branch in 2001 year

AfghanistanAfghanistan upper courts were non-functioning as of March 1995 (local Shari'a or Islamic law courts are functioning throughout the country)
AlbaniaAlbania Supreme Court (chairman is elected by the People's Assembly for a four-year term)
AlgeriaAlgeria Supreme Court or Cour Supreme
American SamoaAmerican Samoa High Court (chief justice and associate justices are appointed by the US Secretary of the Interior)
AndorraAndorra Tribunal of Judges or Tribunal de Batlles; Tribunal of the Courts or Tribunal de Corts; Supreme Court of Justice of Andorra or Tribunal Superior de Justicia d'Andorra; Supreme Council of Justice or Consell Superior de la Justicia; Fiscal Ministry or Ministeri Fiscal; Constitutional Tribunal or Tribunal Constitucional
AngolaAngola Supreme Court or Tribunal da Relacao (judges are appointed by the president)
AnguillaAnguilla High Court (judge provided by Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court)
Antigua and BarbudaAntigua and Barbuda Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (based in Saint Lucia; one judge of the Supreme Court is a resident of the islands and presides over the Court of Summary Jurisdiction)
ArgentinaArgentina Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (the nine Supreme Court judges are appointed by the president with approval by the Senate)
ArmeniaArmenia Supreme Court; Constitutional Court
ArubaAruba Joint High Court of Justice (judges are appointed by the monarch)
AustraliaAustralia High Court (the chief justice and six other justices are appointed by the governor general)
AustriaAustria Supreme Judicial Court or Oberster Gerichtshof; Administrative Court or Verwaltungsgerichtshof; Constitutional Court or Verfassungsgerichtshof
AzerbaijanAzerbaijan Supreme Court
Bahamas, TheBahamas, The Supreme Court; Court of Appeal; magistrates courts
BahrainBahrain High Civil Appeals Court
BangladeshBangladesh Supreme Court (the chief justices and other judges are appointed by the president)
BarbadosBarbados Supreme Court of Judicature (judges are appointed by the Service Commissions for the Judicial and Legal Services)
BelarusBelarus Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president); Constitutional Court (half of the judges appointed by the president and half appointed by the Chamber of Representatives)
BelgiumBelgium Supreme Court of Justice or Hof van Cassatie (in Dutch) or Cour de Cassation (in French) (judges are appointed for life by the monarch)
BelizeBelize Supreme Court (the chief justice is appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister)
BeninBenin Constitutional Court or Cour Constitutionnelle; Supreme Court or Cour Supreme; High Court of Justice
BermudaBermuda Supreme Court; Court of Appeal; Magistrate Courts
BhutanBhutan Supreme Court of Appeal (the monarch); High Court (judges appointed by the monarch)
BoliviaBolivia Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (judges appointed for 10-year terms by National Congress); District Courts (one in each department); provincial and local courts (to try minor cases)
Bosnia and HerzegovinaBosnia and Herzegovina BiH Constitutional Court (consists of nine members: four members are selected by the Bosniak/Croat Federation's House of Representatives, two members by the Republika Srpska's National Assembly, and three non-Bosnian members by the president of the European Court of Human Rights)

note:
a new state court, established in November 1999, has jurisdiction over cases related to state-level law and appellate jurisdiction over cases initiated in the entities; the entities each have a Supreme Court; each entity also has a number of lower courts; there are ten cantonal courts in the Federation, plus a number of municipal courts; the Republika Srpska has five municipal courts
BotswanaBotswana High Court; Court of Appeal; Magistrates' Courts (one in each district)
BrazilBrazil Supreme Federal Tribunal (11 ministers are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate); Higher Tribunal of Justice; Regional Federal Tribunals (judges are appointed for life)
British Virgin IslandsBritish Virgin Islands Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court, consisting of the High Court of Justice and the Court of Appeal (one judge of the Supreme Court is a resident of the islands and presides over the High Court); Magistrate's Court; Juvenile Court; Court of Summary Jurisdiction
BruneiBrunei Supreme Court (chief justice and judges are sworn in by the monarch for three-year terms)
BulgariaBulgaria Supreme Administrative Court; Supreme Court of Cassation; Constitutional Court (12 justices appointed or elected for nine-year terms); Supreme Judicial Council (consists of the chairmen of the two Supreme Courts, the Chief Prosecutor, and 22 other members; responsible for appointing the justices, prosecutors, and investigating magistrates in the justice system; members of the Supreme Judicial Council elected for five-year terms, 11 elected by the National Assembly and 11 by bodies of the judiciary)
Burkina FasoBurkina Faso Supreme Court; Appeals Court
BurmaBurma remnants of the British-era legal system are in place, but there is no guarantee of a fair public trial; the judiciary is not independent of the executive
BurundiBurundi Supreme Court or Cour Supreme; Constitutional Court; Courts of Appeal (there are three in separate locations); Tribunals of First Instance (17 at the province level and 123 small local tribunals)
CambodiaCambodia Supreme Council of the Magistracy (provided for in the constitution and formed in December 1997); Supreme Court (and lower courts) exercises judicial authority
CameroonCameroon Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president); High Court of Justice (consists of nine judges and 6 substitute judges, elected by the National Assembly)
CanadaCanada Supreme Court of Canada (judges are appointed by the prime minister through the governor general); Federal Court of Canada; Federal Court of Appeal; Provincial Courts (these are named variously Court of Appeal, Court of Queens Bench, Superior Court, Supreme Court, and Court of Justice)
Cape VerdeCape Verde Supreme Tribunal of Justice or Supremo Tribunal de Justia
Cayman IslandsCayman Islands Summary Court; Grand Court; Cayman Islands Court of Appeal
Central African RepublicCentral African Republic Supreme Court or Cour Supreme; Constitutional Court (all judges appointed by the president); Court of Appeal; Criminal Courts
ChadChad Supreme Court; Court of Appeal; Criminal Courts; Magistrate Courts
ChileChile Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (judges are appointed by the president and ratified by the Senate from lists of candidates provided by the court itself; the president of the Supreme Court is elected by the 21-member court); Constitutional Tribunal
ChinaChina Supreme People's Court (judges appointed by the National People's Congress); Local Peoples Courts (comprise higher, intermediate and local courts); Special Peoples Courts (primarily military, maritime, and railway transport courts)
Christmas IslandChristmas Island Supreme Court; District Court; Magistrate's Court
Cocos (Keeling) IslandsCocos (Keeling) Islands Supreme Court; Magistrate's Court
ColombiaColombia four, coequal, supreme judicial organs; Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justical (highest court of criminal law; judges are selected from the nominees of the Higher Council of Justice for eight-year terms); Council of State (highest court of administrative law, judges are selected from the nominees of the Higher Council of Justice for eight-year terms); Constitutional Court (guards integrity and supremacy of the constitution, rules on constitutionality of laws, amendments to the constitution, and international treaties); Higher Council of Justice (administers and disciplines the civilian judiciary; members of the disciplinary chamber resolve jurisdictional conflicts arising between other courts; members are elected by three sister courts and Congress for eight-year terms)
ComorosComoros Supreme Court or Cour Supremes (two members appointed by the president, two members elected by the Federal Assembly, one elected by the Council of each island, and others are former presidents of the republic)
Congo, Democratic Republic of theCongo, Democratic Republic of the Supreme Court or Cour Supreme
Congo, Republic of theCongo, Republic of the Supreme Court or Cour Supreme
Cook IslandsCook Islands High Court
Costa RicaCosta Rica Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (22 justices are elected for eight-year terms by the Legislative Assembly)
Cote d'IvoireCote d'Ivoire Supreme Court or Cour Supreme consists of four chambers: Judicial Chamber for criminal cases, Audit Chamber for financial cases, Constitutional Chamber for judicial review cases, and Administrative Chamber for civil cases; there is no legal limit to the number of members
CroatiaCroatia Supreme Court; Constitutional Court; judges for both courts appointed for eight-year terms by the Judicial Council of the Republic, which is elected by the House of Representatives
CubaCuba People's Supreme Court or Tribunal Supremo Popular (president, vice president, and other judges are elected by the National Assembly)
CyprusCyprus Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the Supreme Council of Judicature)

note:
there is also a Supreme Court in the Turkish Cypriot area
Czech RepublicCzech Republic Supreme Court; Constitutional Court; chairman and deputy chairmen are appointed by the president for a 10-year term
DenmarkDenmark Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the monarch for life)
DjiboutiDjibouti Supreme Court or Cour Supreme
DominicaDominica Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court, consisting of the Court of Appeal and the High Court (located in Saint Lucia; one of the six judges must reside in Dominica and preside over the Court of Summary Jurisdiction)
Dominican RepublicDominican Republic Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (judges are elected by a Council made up of members of the legislative and executive branches with the president presiding)
EcuadorEcuador Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (new justices are elected by the full Supreme Court)
EgyptEgypt Supreme Constitutional Court
El SalvadorEl Salvador Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (judges are selected by the Legislative Assembly)
Equatorial GuineaEquatorial Guinea Supreme Tribunal
EritreaEritrea Supreme Court; 10 provincial courts; 29 district courts
EstoniaEstonia National Court (chairman appointed by Parliament for life)
EthiopiaEthiopia Federal Supreme Court (the president and vice president of the Federal Supreme Court are recommended by the prime minister and appointed by the House of People's Representatives; for other federal judges, the prime minister submits to the House of People's Representatives for appointment candidates selected by the Federal Judicial Administrative Council)
Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Supreme Court (chief justice is a nonresident); Magistrates Court (senior magistrate presides over civil and criminal divisions)
Faroe IslandsFaroe Islands none
FijiFiji Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president)
FinlandFinland Supreme Court or Korkein Oikeus (judges appointed by the president)
FranceFrance Supreme Court of Appeals or Cour de Cassation (judges are appointed by the president from nominations of the High Council of the Judiciary); Constitutional Council or Conseil Constitutionnel (three members appointed by the president, three appointed by the president of the National Assembly, and three appointed by the president of the Senate); Council of State or Conseil d'Etat
French GuianaFrench Guiana Court of Appeals or Cour d'Appel (highest local court based in Martinique with jurisdiction over Martinique, Guadeloupe, and French Guiana)
French PolynesiaFrench Polynesia Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; Court of the First Instance or Tribunal de Premiere Instance; Court of Administrative Law or Tribunal Administratif
GabonGabon Supreme Court or Cour Supreme consisting of three chambers - Judicial, Administrative, and Accounts; Constitutional Court; Courts of Appeal; Court of State Security; County Courts
Gambia, TheGambia, The Supreme Court
GeorgiaGeorgia Supreme Court (judges elected by the Supreme Council on the president's recommendation); Constitutional Court
GermanyGermany Federal Constitutional Court or Bundesverfassungsgericht (half the judges are elected by the Bundestag and half by the Bundesrat)
GhanaGhana Supreme Court
GibraltarGibraltar Supreme Court; Court of Appeal
GreeceGreece Supreme Judicial Court; Special Supreme Tribunal; all judges appointed for life by the president after consultation with a judicial council
GreenlandGreenland High Court or Landsret (appeals can be made to the Ostre Landsret or Eastern Division of the High Court or Supreme Court in Copenhagen)
GrenadaGrenada West Indies Associate States Supreme Court (an associate judge resides in Grenada)
GuadeloupeGuadeloupe Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel with jurisdiction over Guadeloupe, French Guiana, and Martinique
GuamGuam Federal District Court (judge is appointed by the president); Territorial Superior Court (judges appointed for eight-year terms by the governor)
GuatemalaGuatemala Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (thirteen members serve concurrent five-year terms and elect a president of the Court each year from among their number; the president of the Supreme Court of Justice also supervises trial judges around the country, who are named to five-year terms); Constitutional Court or Corte de Constitutcionalidad (five judges are elected for concurrent five-year terms by Congress, each serving one year as president of the Constitutional Court; one is elected by Congress, one elected by the Supreme Court of Justice, one appointed by the President, one elected by Superior Counsel of Universidad San Carlos de Guatemala, and one by Colegio de Abogados)
GuernseyGuernsey Royal Court
GuineaGuinea Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel
Guinea-BissauGuinea-Bissau Supreme Court or Supremo Tribunal da Justica (consists of nine justices who are appointed by the president and serve at his pleasure; final court of appeals in criminal and civil cases); Regional Courts (one in each of nine regions; first court of appeals for Sectoral Court decisions; hear all felony cases and civil cases valued at over $1,000); 24 Sectoral Courts (judges are not necessarily trained lawyers; they hear civil cases under $1,000 and misdemeanor criminal cases)
GuyanaGuyana Supreme Court of Judicature; Judicial Court of Appeal; High Court
HaitiHaiti Supreme Court or Cour de Cassation
Holy See (Vatican City)Holy See (Vatican City) none; normally handled by Italy
HondurasHonduras Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (judges are elected for four-year terms by the National Congress)
Hong KongHong Kong The Court of Final Appeal in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
HungaryHungary Constitutional Court (judges are elected by the National Assembly for nine-year terms)
IcelandIceland Supreme Court or Haestirettur (justices are appointed for life by the president)
IndiaIndia Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president and remain in office until they reach the age of 65)
IndonesiaIndonesia Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (justices appointed by the president from a list of candidates approved by the legislature)
IranIran Supreme Court
IraqIraq Court of Cassation
IrelandIreland Supreme Court (judges appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister and cabinet)
Isle of ManIsle of Man High Court of Justice (justices are appointed by the Lord Chancellor of England on the nomination of the lieutenant governor)
IsraelIsrael Supreme Court (justices appointed for life by the president)
ItalyItaly Constitutional Court or Corte Costituzionale (composed of 15 judges: one-third appointed by the president, one-third elected by Parliament, one-third elected by the ordinary and administrative Supreme Courts)
JamaicaJamaica Supreme Court (judges appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister); Court of Appeal
JapanJapan Supreme Court (chief justice is appointed by the monarch after designation by the cabinet; all other justices are appointed by the cabinet)
JerseyJersey Royal Court (judges elected by an electoral college and the bailiff)
JordanJordan Court of Cassation; Supreme Court (court of final appeal)
KazakhstanKazakhstan Supreme Court (44 members); Constitutional Council (7 members)
KenyaKenya Court of Appeal (chief justice is appointed by the president); High Court
KiribatiKiribati Court of Appeal; High Court; 26 Magistrates' courts; judges at all levels are appointed by the president
Korea, NorthKorea, North Central Court (judges are elected by the Supreme People's Assembly)
Korea, SouthKorea, South Supreme Court (justices are appointed by the president with the consent of the National Assembly)
KuwaitKuwait High Court of Appeal
KyrgyzstanKyrgyzstan Supreme Court (judges are appointed for 10-year terms by the Supreme Council on the recommendation of the president); Constitutional Court; Higher Court of Arbitration
LaosLaos People's Supreme Court (the president of the People's Supreme Court is elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the National Assembly Standing Committee; the vice president of the People's Supreme Court and the judges are appointed by the National Assembly Standing Committee)
LatviaLatvia Supreme Court (judges' appointments are confirmed by Parliament)
LebanonLebanon four Courts of Cassation (three courts for civil and commercial cases and one court for criminal cases); Constitutional Council (called for in Ta'if Accord - rules on constitutionality of laws); Supreme Council (hears charges against the president and prime minister as needed)
LesothoLesotho High Court (chief justice appointed by the monarch); Court of Appeal; Magistrate's Court; customary or traditional court
LiberiaLiberia Supreme Court
LibyaLibya Supreme Court
LiechtensteinLiechtenstein Supreme Court or Oberster Gerichtshof; Superior Court or Obergericht
LithuaniaLithuania Supreme Court; Court of Appeal; judges for both courts appointed by the Parliament
LuxembourgLuxembourg judicial courts and tribunals (3 Justices of the Peace, 2 district courts, and 1 Supreme Court of Appeals); administrative courts and tribunals (State Prosecutor's Office, administrative courts and tribunals, and the Constitutional Court); judges for all courts are appointed for life by the monarch
MacauMacau The Court of Final Appeal in the Macau Special Administrative Region
Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic ofMacedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Constitutional Court; Judicial Court of the Republic; judges for both courts are elected by the Judicial Council
MadagascarMadagascar Supreme Court or Cour Supreme; High Constitutional Court or Haute Cour Constitutionnelle
MalawiMalawi Supreme Court of Appeal; High Court (chief justice appointed by the president, puisne judges appointed on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission); magistrate's courts
MalaysiaMalaysia Federal Court (judges appointed by the paramount ruler on the advice of the prime minister)
MaldivesMaldives High Court
MaliMali Supreme Court or Cour Supreme
MaltaMalta Constitutional Court; Court of Appeal; judges for both courts are appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister
Marshall IslandsMarshall Islands Supreme Court; High Court
MartiniqueMartinique Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel
MauritaniaMauritania Supreme Court or Cour Supreme; Court of Appeals; lower courts
MauritiusMauritius Supreme Court
MayotteMayotte Supreme Court or Tribunal Superieur d'Appel
MexicoMexico Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (judges are appointed by the president with consent of the Senate)
Micronesia, Federated States ofMicronesia, Federated States of Supreme Court
MoldovaMoldova Supreme Court; Constitutional Court (the sole authority for constitutional judicature)
MonacoMonaco Supreme Court or Tribunal Supreme (judges appointed by the monarch on the basis of nominations by the National Council)
MongoliaMongolia Supreme Court (serves as appeals court for people's and provincial courts, but rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts; judges are nominated by the General Council of Courts for approval by the president)
MontserratMontserrat Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (based in Saint Lucia, one judge of the Supreme Court is a resident of the islands and presides over the High Court)
MoroccoMorocco Supreme Court (judges are appointed on the recommendation of the Supreme Council of the Judiciary, presided over by the monarch)
MozambiqueMozambique Supreme Court (the court of final appeal; some of its professional judges are appointed by the president and some are elected by the Assembly); other courts include an Administrative Court, customs courts, maritime courts, courts marshal, labor courts

note:
although the constitution provides for the creation of a separate Constitutional Court, one has never been established; in its absence the Supreme Court reviews constitutional cases
NamibiaNamibia Supreme Court (judges appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission)
NauruNauru Supreme Court
NepalNepal Supreme Court or Sarbochha Adalat (chief justice is appointed by the monarch on recommendation of the Constitutional Council; the other judges are appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the Judicial Council)
NetherlandsNetherlands Supreme Court or Hoge Raad (justices are nominated for life by the monarch)
Netherlands AntillesNetherlands Antilles Joint High Court of Justice (judges appointed by the monarch)
New CaledoniaNew Caledonia Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; County Courts; Joint Commerce Tribunal Court; Children's Court
New ZealandNew Zealand High Court; Court of Appeal
NicaraguaNicaragua Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (16 judges elected for seven-year terms by the National Assembly)
NigerNiger State Court or Cour d'Etat; Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel
NigeriaNigeria Supreme Court (judges appointed by the Provisional Ruling Council); Federal Court of Appeal (judges are appointed by the federal government on the advice of the Advisory Judicial Committee)
NiueNiue Supreme Court of New Zealand; High Court of Niue
Norfolk IslandNorfolk Island Supreme Court; Court of Petty Sessions
Northern Mariana IslandsNorthern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Supreme Court; Superior Court; Federal District Court
NorwayNorway Supreme Court or Hoyesterett (justices appointed by the monarch)
OmanOman Supreme Court

note:
the nascent civil court system, administered by region, has non-Islamic judges as well as traditional Islamic judges
PakistanPakistan Supreme Court (justices appointed by the president); Federal Islamic or Shari'a Court
PalauPalau Supreme Court; National Court; Court of Common Pleas
PanamaPanama Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (nine judges appointed for 10-year terms); five superior courts; three courts of appeal
Papua New GuineaPapua New Guinea Supreme Court (the chief justice is appointed by the governor general on the proposal of the National Executive Council after consultation with the minister responsible for justice; other judges are appointed by the Judicial and Legal Services Commission)
ParaguayParaguay Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (judges appointed on the proposal of the Counsel of Magistrates or Consejo de la Magistratura)
PeruPeru Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (judges are appointed by the National Council of the Judiciary)
PhilippinesPhilippines Supreme Court (justices are appointed for four-year terms by the president on the recommendation of the Judicial and Bar Council)
Pitcairn IslandsPitcairn Islands Island Court (island magistrate presides over the court and is elected every three years)
PolandPoland Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the National Council of the Judiciary for an indefinite period); Constitutional Tribunal (judges are chosen by the Sejm for nine-year terms)
PortugalPortugal Supreme Court or Supremo Tribunal de Justica (judges appointed for life by the Conselho Superior da Magistratura)
Puerto RicoPuerto Rico Supreme Court; Superior Courts; Municipal Courts (justices for all these courts appointed by the governor with the consent of the Senate)
QatarQatar Court of Appeal
ReunionReunion Court of Appeals or Cour d'Appel
RomaniaRomania Supreme Court of Justice (judges are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Superior Council of Magistrates)
RussiaRussia Constitutional Court; Supreme Court; Superior Court of Arbitration; judges for all courts are appointed for life by the Federation Council on the recommendation of the president
RwandaRwanda Supreme Court; communal courts; appeals courts
Saint HelenaSaint Helena Supreme Court; Magistrate's Court; Small Debts Court; Juvenile Court
Saint Kitts and NevisSaint Kitts and Nevis Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (based on Saint Lucia; one judge of the Supreme Court resides in Saint Kitts and Nevis)
Saint LuciaSaint Lucia Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (jurisdiction extends to Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, the British Virgin Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)
Saint Pierre and MiquelonSaint Pierre and Miquelon Superior Tribunal of Appeals or Tribunal Superieur d'Appel
Saint Vincent and the GrenadinesSaint Vincent and the Grenadines Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (based on Saint Lucia; one judge of the Supreme Court resides in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)
SamoaSamoa Supreme Court; Court of Appeal
San MarinoSan Marino Council of Twelve or Consiglio dei XII
Sao Tome and PrincipeSao Tome and Principe Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the National Assembly)
Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia Supreme Council of Justice
SenegalSenegal Constitutional Court; Council of State; Court of Final Appeals or Cour de Cassation; Court of Appeals; note-the judicial system was reformed in 1992
SeychellesSeychelles Court of Appeal; Supreme Court; judges for both courts are appointed by the president
Sierra LeoneSierra Leone Supreme Court; Appeals Court; High Court
SingaporeSingapore Supreme Court (chief justice is appointed by the president with the advice of the prime minister, other judges are appointed by the president with the advice of the chief justice); Court of Appeals
SlovakiaSlovakia Supreme Court (judges are elected by the National Council); Constitutional Court (judges appointed by president from group of nominees approved by the National Council)
SloveniaSlovenia Supreme Court (judges are elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the Judicial Council); Constitutional Court (judges elected for nine-year terms by the National Assembly and nominated by the president)
Solomon IslandsSolomon Islands Court of Appeal
SomaliaSomalia following the breakdown of national government, most regions have reverted to Islamic (Shari'a) law with a provision for appeal of all sentences
South AfricaSouth Africa Constitutional Court; Supreme Court of Appeals; High Courts; Magistrate Courts
SpainSpain Supreme Court or Tribunal Supremo
Sri LankaSri Lanka Supreme Court; Court of Appeals; judges for both courts are appointed by the president
SudanSudan Supreme Court; Special Revolutionary Courts
SurinameSuriname Court of Justice (justices are nominated for life)
SwazilandSwaziland High Court; Court of Appeal; judges for both courts are appointed by the monarch
SwedenSweden Supreme Court or Hogsta Domstolen (judges are appointed by the prime minister and the cabinet)
SwitzerlandSwitzerland Federal Supreme Court (judges elected for six-year terms by the Federal Assembly)
SyriaSyria Supreme Constitutional Court (justices are appointed for four-year terms by the president); High Judicial Council; Court of Cassation; State Security Courts
TaiwanTaiwan Judicial Yuan (justices appointed by the president with the consent of the National Assembly; note - beginning in 2003, justices will be appointed by the president with the consent of the Legislative Yuan)
TajikistanTajikistan Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president)
TanzaniaTanzania Permanent Commission of Enquiry (official ombudsman); Court of Appeal (consists of a chief justice and four judges); High Court (consists of a Jaji Kiongozi and 29 judges appointed by the president; holds regular sessions in all regions); District Courts; Primary Courts (limited jurisdiction and appeals can be made to the higher courts)
ThailandThailand Supreme Court or Sandika (judges appointed by the monarch)
TogoTogo Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; Supreme Court or Cour Supreme
TokelauTokelau Supreme Court in New Zealand exercises civil and criminal jurisdiction in Tokelau
TongaTonga Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the monarch); Court of Appeal (consists of the Privy Council with the addition of the chief justice of the Supreme Court)
Trinidad and TobagoTrinidad and Tobago Supreme Court of Judicature (comprised of the High Court of Justice and the Court of Appeals; the chief justice is appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister and the leader of the opposition; other justices are appointed by the president on the advice of the Judicial and Legal Service Commission); High Court of Justice; Court of Appeals; The Majistracy (hears minor civil cases and summary criminal cases)
TunisiaTunisia Court of Cassation or Cour de Cassation
TurkeyTurkey Constitutional Court (judges are appointed by the president); Court of Appeals (judges are elected by the Supreme Council of Judges and Prosecutors)
TurkmenistanTurkmenistan Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president)
Turks and Caicos IslandsTurks and Caicos Islands Supreme Court
TuvaluTuvalu High Court (a chief justice visits twice a year to preside over its sessions; its rulings can be appealed to the Court of Appeal in Fiji); eight Island Courts (with limited jurisdiction)
UgandaUganda Court of Appeal (judges are appointed by the president and approved by the legislature); High Court (judges are appointed by the president)
UkraineUkraine Supreme Court; Constitutional Court
United Arab EmiratesUnited Arab Emirates Union Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president)
United KingdomUnited Kingdom House of Lords (highest court of appeal; several Lords of Appeal in Ordinary are appointed by the monarch for life); Supreme Courts of England, Wales, and Northern Ireland (comprising the Courts of Appeal, the High Courts of Justice, and the Crown Courts); Scotland's Court of Session and Court of the Justiciary
United StatesUnited States Supreme Court (its nine justices are appointed for life by the president with confirmation by the Senate); United States Courts of Appeal; United States District Courts; State and County Courts
UruguayUruguay Supreme Court (judges are nominated by the president and elected for 10-year terms by the General Assembly)
UzbekistanUzbekistan Supreme Court (judges are nominated by the president and confirmed by the Supreme Assembly)
VanuatuVanuatu Supreme Court (chief justice is appointed by the president after consultation with the prime minister and the leader of the opposition, three other justices are appointed by the president on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission)
VenezuelaVenezuela Supreme Tribunal of Justice or Tribuna Suprema de Justicia (magistrates are elected by the National Assembly for a single 12-year term)
VietnamVietnam Supreme People's Court (chief justice is elected for a five-year term by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president)
Virgin IslandsVirgin Islands US District Court of the Virgin Islands (under Third Circuit jurisdiction); Territorial Court (judges appointed by the governor for 10-year terms)
Wallis and FutunaWallis and Futuna none; justice generally administered under French law by the high administrator, but the three traditional kings administer customary law and there is a magistrate in Mata-Utu
YemenYemen Supreme Court
YugoslaviaYugoslavia Federal Court or Savezni Sud; Constitutional Court; judges for both courts are elected by the Federal Assembly for nine-year terms
ZambiaZambia Supreme Court (the final court of appeal; justices are appointed by the president); High Court (has unlimited jurisdiction to hear civil and criminal cases)
ZimbabweZimbabwe Supreme Court; High Court
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